Origin of Disseminated Gold-Sulfide Mineralization from Proximal Alteration in Orogenic Gold Deposits in the Central Sector of the Yana–Kolyma Metallogenic Belt, NE Russia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological and Metallogenic Background
2.1. Regional Geological Setting
2.2. Ore Deposit Geology
2.2.1. Geology and Mineralization of the Sediment-Hosted Orogenic Gold Deposits
2.2.2. Geology and Mineralization of the Intrusion-Hosted Orogenic Gold Deposits
2.3. Mineral Composition of the Deposits and Mineralization Types
Mineralization | Paragenesis | Minerals | Malo-Taryn | Badran | Khangalas | V’yun/ Shumnyi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Au-Qz/Au- sulfide-Qz | Py-Apy-Qz metasomatic | Pyrite | ||||
Arsenopyrite | ||||||
Danaite | ||||||
Fe-gersdorfite | ||||||
Py-Apy-Qz vein | Quartz | |||||
Sericite | ||||||
Chlorite | ||||||
Albite | ||||||
Pyrite | ||||||
Arsenopyrite | ||||||
Au- polysulfid | Gold | |||||
Galena | ||||||
Chalcopyrite | ||||||
Sphalerite | ||||||
Sulfosalt- Carbonate- | Carbonate | |||||
Tetrahedrite | ||||||
Boulangerite | ||||||
Jamesonite | ||||||
Bournonite | ||||||
Stibnite | Berthierite- Stibnite | Berthierite | ||||
Stibnite | ||||||
Quartz | ||||||
Ag- Stibnite | Ag- Stibnite | Quartz | ||||
Pyrite | ||||||
Arsenopyrite | ||||||
Tetrahedrite | ||||||
Argentite | ||||||
Acanthite |
3. Materials and Analytical Methods
3.1. Sample Preparation
3.2. Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA)
3.3. Determination of Gold and Silver Content
3.4. S isotope Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Pyrite and Arsenopyrite Types and Textures
4.1.1. Syn-Sedimentary/Diagenetic Pyrite (Py1)
4.1.2. Metamorphic Pyrite2
4.1.3. Hydrothermal Pyrite3 and Arsenopyrite1 from Proximal Alteration
4.2. Chemical Composition of Pyrite and Arsenopyrite
4.2.1. Chemical Composition of Pyrite in Sediment-Hosted Orogenic Gold Deposits
4.2.2. Chemical Composition of Pyrite in Intrusion-Hosted Orogenic Gold Deposits
4.2.3. Chemical Composition of Arsenopyrite in Sediment-Hosted Orogenic Gold Deposits
4.2.4. Chemical Composition of Arsenopyrite in the Intrusion-Hosted Orogenic Gold Deposits
4.3. Gold and Silver Content of Sulfides from Proximal Alteration according to AAS Data
4.4. Sulfur Isotopic Composition of Sulfides
4.4.1. Sediment-Hosted Orogenic Gold Deposits
4.4.2. Intrusion-Hosted Orogenic Gold Deposits
5. Discussion
5.1. Composition of Pyrite3 and Arsenopyrite1
5.1.1. Incorporation of Metals and Metalloids in Pyrite3
5.1.2. Incorporation of Metals and Metalloids in Arsenopyrite1
5.1.3. Gold–Cobalt–Nickel Relationships in Pyrite3
5.2. Gold Occurrence and Concentration in Sulfides from Proximal Alteration
5.2.1. Gold Concentration
5.2.2. Gold in Pyrite3
Deposit | As, ppm (EPMA) | Au, ppm (AAA) | Ag, ppm (AAA) | Ag/Au |
---|---|---|---|---|
Malo–Taryn | 7800/27 * | 5.1/6 | 5.4/6 | 1.06 |
Badran | 13,340/60 | 57.5/12 | 6.0/12 | 0.1 |
Khangalas | 10,140/47 | 11.2/13 | 6.2/13 | 0.55 |
V’yun, dyke | 15,850/53 | 5.0/6 | 1.3/6 | 0.26 |
V’yun, sandstone | 15,850/53 | 35.6/8 | 5.6/8 | 0.16 |
Shumnyi, dyke | 9970/23 | 28.8/4 | 2.1/4 | 0.07 |
Shumnyi, sandstone | 9970/23 | 13.2/4 | 1.1/4 | 0.08 |
5.2.3. Gold in Arsenopyrite1
Deposit | As, ppm (EPMA) | Au, ppm (AAA) | Ag, ppm (AAA) | Au/Ag | As/S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malo–Taryn | 44,740/35 * | 17.1/4 | 4.2/4 | 55.7 | 0.94 |
Badran | 43,320/16 | 73.6/9 | 6.6/9 | 17.4 | 0.86 |
Khangalas | 42,920/22 | 17.5/3 | 6.5/3 | 11.1 | 0.83 |
V’yun, sandstone | 42,470/10 | 28.9, 58.4 | 2.2, 2.3 | 12.8, 26.8 | 0.85 |
Shumnyi, dyke | 44,230/21 | – | – | – | 0.89 |
5.3. Sources of Components Based on Stable Isotopes S
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Malo–Taryn | Badran | Khangalas | V’yun | Shumnyi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mineral type | Au-Py-Apy | Au-Py-Apy | Au-Py-Apy | Au-Py-Apy | Au-Py-Apy |
Coordinates (N/E) | 63°54′/143°11′ | 64°14′/141°31′ | 64°06′/144°55′ | 65°58′/138°16′ | 66°00′/138°08′ |
Metallogenic zone | Adycha–Taryn | Mugurdakh–Selerikan | Olchan–Nera | Olchan–Nera | Olchan–Nera |
Ore cluster | Taryn | Selerikan | Khangalas | Burgandzha | Burgandzha |
Magmatism/ composition | dyke/ trachybasalts | No | No | Dykes/andesite, dacite, granodiorite, trachyandesite, trachybasalt trachyandesite | Dykes/andesite, dacite, granodiorite, trachyandesite, trachybasalt, trachyandesite |
Age, Ma: composition/ method | 145–160?/trachybasalts/Rb-Sr | No | No | 147/trachyandesite/ U-Pb SHRIMP II | 151, 146/andesite, trachyandesite/ U-Pb SHRIMP II |
Host rock | Clastic rocks (T3) | Clastic rocks (T3) | clastic rocks (P2) | Dykes (J3)/ clastic rocks (T3) | Dykes (J3)/clastic rocks (T3) |
Alteration | Pyrite–arsenopyrite–sericite– carbonate–quartz | Pyrite–arsenopyrite–sericite- carbonate–quartz | Pyrite–arsenopyrite-sericite– carbonate–quartz | Pyrite–arsenopyrite–sericite– carbonate–quartz | Pyrite–arsenopyrite–sericite–carbonate– quartz |
Ore location | Reverse fault in the SW wing of the Malo–Taryn syncline | Thrust in the SW wing of the Mugurdakh syncline | Reverse fault in the SW wing of the Khangalas anticline | Transverse NE faults to the folding of the NW strike | Transverse NE faults to the folding of the NW strike |
Ore bodies | Mineralized faults with Au-quartz veins/veinlets and Au-sulfide-disseminated | Au-quartz veins/veinlets and Au-sulfide-disseminated | |||
Mineral associations * | Au-Bi, Py-Apy-Qz metasomatic, Py-Apy-Qz vein, Au-polysulfide-Qz, Au-Sb, sulfosalt– carbonate, berthierite– antimony, Ag-Sb | Py-Apy-Qz metasomatic, Apy-Py-carbonate-Qz, Ccp-Sp-Ab-Qz, Ttr-Ser-Qz, Ag-Qz, Sbn-carbonate-Qz | Py-Apy-Qz metasomatic, Py-Apy-Qz vein, Au-polysulfide-Qz, sulfosalt-carbonate-Qz | Py-Apy-Qz metasomatic, Py-Apy-Qz vein, Au-polysulfide-Qz, fahlore-Qz | Py-Apy-Qz metasomatic, Py-Apy-Qz vein, Au-polysulfide-Qz, Sbn-Qz |
Sulphide content, vol% | 1–3 | 1–2 | 1–5 | 1–3 | 1–2 |
Au fineness, ‰ | 894–995, predominantly 901–925 | 462–998, predominantly 800–899 | 780–850, predominantly 820–830 | 700–920, predominantly 800–899 | 800–900 |
Au, CAu, ppm | 4.2 | 7.8 | 3.9 | 12.1 | 80.0 |
Au reserves/Au resources, t | ∼12.5/- | ∼9.3/- | ∼9.5/- | ∼2.5/∼1.9 | -/6.8 |
Pyrite | Timing | Host Rock | Structure/Texture | Co-Genetic Minerals | Evidence for Timing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Py1 | Syn-sedimentary/ diagenetic | Sandstones, siltstones | Framboids, nodular aggregates | Detrital quartz | Along the layering |
Py2 | Metamorphic | Sandstones, siltstones | Euhedral–subhedral; zoning structure; corroded structure | Sericite, carbonate | Fault zones |
Py3 | Metasomatic | Sandstones, siltstones, andesite, dacite | Euhedral–subhedral; fine-grained inclusions of galena, sphalerite, chalco-pyrite; zoning structure; corroded structure | Arsenopyrite, sericite, carbonate | Proximal alterations |
Apy1 | Metasomatic | Sandstones, siltstones, andesite, dacite | Euhedral–subhedral; fine-grained inclusions of galena, sphalerite, chalco-pyrite; zoning structure; corroded structure | Pyrite, sericite, carbonate | Proximal alterations |
Rock | Mineral | Au, ppm | Ag, ppm | Au/Ag | N | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malo–Taryn deposit | ||||||
Alteration rock after sandstones | Pyrite | * | 6 | This study, and [21] | ||
Arsenopyrite | 4 | |||||
Badran deposit | ||||||
Alteration rock after sandstones and siltstones | Pyrite | 12 | [11] | |||
Arsenopyrite | 9 | |||||
Khangalas deposit | ||||||
Alteration rock after sandstones and siltstones | Pyrite | 13 | This study, and [12] | |||
Arsenopyrite | 3 | |||||
V’yun deposit | ||||||
Alteration rock after dykes | Pyrite | 6 | This study | |||
Alteration rock after sandstones and siltstones | Pyrite | 8 | ||||
Alteration rock after sandstones and siltstones | Arsenopyrite | 28.9, 58.4 | 2.2, 2.3 | 12.8, 26.8 | 2 | |
Shumnyi deposit | ||||||
Alteration rock after dykes | Pyrite | 4 | This study | |||
Alteration rock after sandstones | Pyrite | 4 |
№ | Sample | Deposit | Mineral | Rock | d34SVCDT,‰ | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | MT-66-16 | Malo–Taryn | Arsenopyrite | Alteration rock after sandstones | −1.4 | This study |
2 | Y-2012/1 | −1.6 | ||||
3 | M-1-16 | Pyrite | Alteration rock after siltstones | −2.3 | ||
4 | MT-76-16 | Alteration rock after sandstones | −5.5 | |||
5 | Y-2012/2 | 1.4 | ||||
6 | B-24/2-19 | Badran * | Arsenopyrite | Alteration rock after siltstones | −0.3/−0.2 | [11] |
7 | B-16-19 | 0.0/−0.3 | ||||
8 | B-35/2-19 | −0.7/−0.8 | ||||
9 | B-10/2-19 | Alteration rock after sandstones | −0.3/−0.3 | |||
10 | B-54/2-19 | −0.5/−0.2 | ||||
11 | B-14/3-19 | −0.4/0.1 | ||||
12 | B-56/2-19 | −1.1/−0.6 | ||||
13 | B-40-19 | −0.4/−0.3 | ||||
14 | B-24/1-19 | Pyrite | Alteration rock after siltstones | 0.4/1.6 | ||
15 | B-44-19 | 0.3/0.3 | ||||
16 | B-17-19 | 1.0/1.2 | ||||
17 | B-26-19 | 0.8/1.1 | ||||
18 | B-35/1-19 | −0.7/1.4 | ||||
19 | B-10/1-19 | Alteration rock after sandstones | 0.1/1.8 | |||
20 | B-54/1-19 | 0.5/1.8 | ||||
21 | B-14/1-19 | 0.6/1.9 | ||||
22 | B-51-19 | 1.0/0.7 | ||||
23 | B-52-19 | 1.1/1.0 | ||||
24 | B-41-19 | −0.2/−0.3 | ||||
25 | B-56/1-19 | 1.5/1.5 | ||||
26 | B-33-19 | −0.5/1.0 | ||||
27 | KG-9-19 | Khangalas | Arsenopyrite | Alteration rock after sandstones | −1.4 | [12] |
28 | K-4-17 | −1.2 | ||||
29 | KG-26-19 | −1.1 | This study | |||
30 | KG-29-19 | −2.1 | ||||
31 | KG-8-19 | Pyrite | Alteration rock after siltstones | −0.8 | ||
32 | KG-20-19 | Alteration rock after sandstone and siltstones | −1.0 | |||
33 | KG-32-19 | Alteration rock after sandstones | −1.3 | [12] | ||
34 | K-9-17/1 | −0.6 | ||||
35 | K-9-17/2 | −1.5 | This study | |||
36 | K-4-17 | −1.5 | ||||
37 | K-14-17 | −1.9 | ||||
38 | V-14-18 | V’yun | Pyrite | Alteration rock after dykes | −1.9 | This study |
39 | V-15-18 | 3.1 | ||||
40 | V-20-18 | −6.4 | ||||
41 | V-22-18 | 3.1 | ||||
42 | V-43-18 | −4.6 | ||||
43 | V-140-18 | −4.7 | ||||
44 | VF-24-18 | Arsenopyrite | Alteration rock after sandstones | 4.4 | ||
45 | VF-27-18 | Pyrite | Alteration rock after sandstone and siltstones | 3.7 | ||
46 | VF-27-18 | 4.4 | ||||
47 | VZ-158-18 | Alteration rock after sandstones | 5.6 | |||
48 | V-162-18 | 2.3 | ||||
49 | S-42-18/1 | Shumnyi | Pyrite | Alteration rock after dykes | 2.1 | This study |
50 | S-42-18/2 | 2.5 | ||||
51 | SU-22-18 | 2.4 | ||||
52 | S-113-18/1 | 4.8 | ||||
53 | S-113-18/2 | 5.1 | ||||
54 | S-17-18 | Alteration rock after sandstones | 4.3 | |||
55 | S-112-18 | 5.0 |
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Fridovsky, V.Y.; Polufuntikova, L.I.; Kudrin, M.V. Origin of Disseminated Gold-Sulfide Mineralization from Proximal Alteration in Orogenic Gold Deposits in the Central Sector of the Yana–Kolyma Metallogenic Belt, NE Russia. Minerals 2023, 13, 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13030394
Fridovsky VY, Polufuntikova LI, Kudrin MV. Origin of Disseminated Gold-Sulfide Mineralization from Proximal Alteration in Orogenic Gold Deposits in the Central Sector of the Yana–Kolyma Metallogenic Belt, NE Russia. Minerals. 2023; 13(3):394. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13030394
Chicago/Turabian StyleFridovsky, Valery Yurievich, Lena Idenenovna Polufuntikova, and Maxim Vasilievich Kudrin. 2023. "Origin of Disseminated Gold-Sulfide Mineralization from Proximal Alteration in Orogenic Gold Deposits in the Central Sector of the Yana–Kolyma Metallogenic Belt, NE Russia" Minerals 13, no. 3: 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13030394