Multi-Step Gold Refinement and Collection Using Bi-Minerals in the Laozuoshan Gold Deposit, NE China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Deposit Geology
4. Samples and Analytical Methods
5. Results
5.1. Texture of the Arsenopyrite, Bi-Minerals, and Gold
5.1.1. Stage I (Pyrrhotite–Arsenopyrite–Calcite Stage)
5.1.2. Stage III (Coarse-Grained Arsenopyrite–Calcite Stage)
5.1.3. Stage V (Coarse-Grained Arsenopyrite-Quartz Stage)
5.2. Compositions of Arsenopyrite, Gold, and Bi-Mineral Assemblages
5.2.1. Compositions of Arsenopyrite
5.2.2. Compositions of Gold
5.2.3. Compositions of Bi-Minerals
6. Discussion
6.1. The Physical–Chemical Conditions of the Ore-Forming Fluids Indicated by Minerals Assemblages
6.2. Gold Scavenging Using Bi-Melts and Refining Processes during the Cooling of the Mineralization System
7. Conclusions
- The Laozuoshan gold deposit has experienced complex mineralization processes (the early hydrothermal mineralization and the late hydrothermal mineralization), with three gold precipitation processes occurring successively. The abundant gold (Au-1 to Au-3) and Bi-mineral (Bis-1 to Bis-3) particles are associated with pyrrhotite (Po-1) + arsenopyrite (Apy-1), chlorite + arsenopyrite (Apy-2), and graphite + arsenopyrite (Apy-3).
- Bi-minerals (such as joséite-B, ingodite, and native bismuth without Bi-sulfosalts) are associated with gold (electrum, native gold, or minor maldonite) and coexist as inclusions or as fracture fillings in arsenopyrite (Apy-1~Apy-3) and pyrrhotite. The mineral assemblages of arsenopyrite, Bi-minerals, and gold exhibit a clear As-Bi-Au mineralogy in the ores, and the ternary diagram of the chemical compositions of the Bi-minerals shows that the Bi-minerals all fall in reducing regions, indicating that Bi-minerals are precipitated under reducing conditions.
- The gold compositions show a positive correlation (R2 = 0.58) between Au and Bi. The gold experienced the concentration of the ore-forming fluids and further Bi-melt scavenging during the mineralization of the Laozuoshan gold deposit. The Bi collector model is essential for interpreting the high-grade gold in the Laozuoshan gold deposit, indicating that the bismuth geochemical anomaly may be a critical potential exploration target for the high-grade gold deposits in the Jiamusi Block.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Meng, L.; Huang, F.; Gao, W.; Gao, R.; Zhao, F.; Zhou, Y.; Li, Y. Multi-Step Gold Refinement and Collection Using Bi-Minerals in the Laozuoshan Gold Deposit, NE China. Minerals 2022, 12, 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091137
Meng L, Huang F, Gao W, Gao R, Zhao F, Zhou Y, Li Y. Multi-Step Gold Refinement and Collection Using Bi-Minerals in the Laozuoshan Gold Deposit, NE China. Minerals. 2022; 12(9):1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091137
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeng, Lin, Fei Huang, Wenyuan Gao, Rongzhen Gao, Fude Zhao, Yiran Zhou, and Yongli Li. 2022. "Multi-Step Gold Refinement and Collection Using Bi-Minerals in the Laozuoshan Gold Deposit, NE China" Minerals 12, no. 9: 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091137