Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage Sludge Ash Based on Cradle-to-Cradle Approach—Mini-Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. C2C Concept as a Sustainable Management Practice for P Fertilizer
- (a)
- waste is equivalent to food,
- (b)
- all wastes could be considered as nutrients for successive product life cycles and are treated as a part of biological and technological processes,
- (c)
- all wastes should be recycled for the subsequent processes [44].
3. Methodology
4. Phosphorus Cycle and C2C Concept
- i.
- Characterization of SS and SSA waste with the potential associated with P production and demand.
- ii.
- Determination of chemical composition SS and SSA waste, considering both the P and HMs content as the primary pollutants.
- iii.
- Presentation of implemented technologies used for P recovery from SSA waste.
- iv.
- Presentation of implemented technologies for HMs removal from SSA waste.
- v.
- Production of sustainable and certified P-rich products recommended for agriculture.
- Scope 1: Recycling of SSA with separation of P and HMs as a technological process.
- Scope 2: SS thermal treatment (incineration, pyrolysis) of SS for SSA generation as a pre-treatment process.
- Scope 3: P recovery from pre-treated waste with separation of HMs:
- ○
- Sub-scope 3a: SSA recycling for P recovery as a substrate to new products,
- ○
- Sub-scope 3b: Enrichment of the purity and elimination of HM content.
- Scope 4: Development of certified products.
5. Sewage Sludge Ash—The Material Flow in the C2C Approach
5.1. Sewage Sludge Characterization as a Source of P and Heavy Metals, before Thermal Pre-treatment in the C2C Concept
Chemical Composition | Units | The Amount of Element in Sewage Sludge |
---|---|---|
Acidity/basicity | pH | 6.64–8.83 |
Dry mass | % | 16.60–41.03 |
Organic matter | g kg−1 DM | 50.60–55.83 |
Total nitrogen | g kg−1 DM | 22.40–38.90 |
Nitrate nitrogen | g kg−1 DM | 3.60–32.00 |
Total phosphorus | g kg−1 DM | 5.00–25.00 |
Potassium | g kg−1 DM | 2.34 |
Calcium | g kg−1 DM | 2.80–16.60 |
Magnesium | g kg−1 DM | 6.10–8.00 |
Lead | g kg−1 DM | 0.11–0.07 |
Cadmium | g kg−1 DM | 0.001–0.002 |
Nickel | g kg−1 DM | 0.016–0.028 |
Zinc | g kg−1 DM | 0.70–1.29 |
Copper | g kg−1 DM | 0.126–0.130 |
5.2. Sewage Sludge Ash Characterization as a Source of Phosphorus and Heavy Metals, after Thermal Pre-Treatment of SS in the C2C Approach
6. Heavy Metals as a Determinant Factor of SSA Technical Process in Cradle-to-Cradle Approach
7. Sewage Sludge to Phosphorus by Thermochemical Processes
8. Phosphorus Recovery from SSA
8.1. Available Methods of Phosphorus Recovery from SSA
8.2. Available Technologies of Phosphorus Recovery from SSA
8.2.1. The Technologies ofWet Chemical Extraction of P from SSA
Technology | Equipment | Chemicals | Final Product |
---|---|---|---|
BioCon | reactor | H2SO4 | phosphoric acid |
SEPHOS | reactor | H2SO4, NaOH | calcium phosphate (12% P) |
PASH | Centrifuge, equalizing tank | HCl (8%), NaOH, H3PO3, H2SO4 | phosphorus potential 90% |
8.2.2. The Technologies ofThermochemical Recovery of P from SSA
Technology | Equipment | Time of Incineration | Temperature | Other Reagents | Final Product |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASH DEC | mono incineration of sewage sludge | 20 min | Up 1050 °C | - | 20% P2O5 |
Slivberwerking Noord-Brabant (SNB) | fluidised bed boilers | - | 850–950 °C | - | ash contains in 1 kg–80 g of P |
RecoPhos | mono incineration of sewage sludge; reactor InduCarb, (inductively heated) | - | 1900 °C | H2PO4 | P2O5–22% |
Bama/AshDac | Thermally treated Silo, rotary kill, mill | 60 min 20 min (1000 °C) | 850–1000 °C | Chlorine donor | P2O5 content of 13–18%, |
Merphec | Thermal volarisation; Furnace heat exchanger boiler plant steam turbine; gas scrubber | - | 2000 °C | - | 4.6–12% P2O5 with over 90% citric acid solubility |
9. Fertilizers Made from SSA Closing the C2C Loop and the System of Certification
10. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of the Product | Material Used to Its Production | Composition | Country | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
SSAB (SS ash–Bacillus) | Ash from SS | P-solubilizing microbes (PSM): Bacillus megaterium | Poland | [124] |
Gifu-no–Daichi® | SSA | Granulated fertilizer or sold as soil improver | Japan | [125] |
PhosCraft | SSA | NPK 20-8-8 | Austria Germany | [119] |
PolFerAsh | SSA | - | Poland | [74] |
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Jama-Rodzeńska, A.; Sowiński, J.; Koziel, J.A.; Białowiec, A. Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage Sludge Ash Based on Cradle-to-Cradle Approach—Mini-Review. Minerals 2021, 11, 985. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11090985
Jama-Rodzeńska A, Sowiński J, Koziel JA, Białowiec A. Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage Sludge Ash Based on Cradle-to-Cradle Approach—Mini-Review. Minerals. 2021; 11(9):985. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11090985
Chicago/Turabian StyleJama-Rodzeńska, Anna, Józef Sowiński, Jacek A. Koziel, and Andrzej Białowiec. 2021. "Phosphorus Recovery from Sewage Sludge Ash Based on Cradle-to-Cradle Approach—Mini-Review" Minerals 11, no. 9: 985. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11090985