Intermittent Beginning to the Formation of Hydrogenous Ferromanganese Nodules in the Vast Field: Insights from Multi-Element Chemostratigraphy Using Microfocus X-ray Fluorescence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General Description of the Sampling Sites
2.1.1. East and Southeast EEZ Regions
2.1.2. Around Takuyo Daigo Seamount Region
2.2. Microfocus X-ray Fluorescence (µ-XRF) Mapping
3. Results
3.1. East and Southeast EEZ Regions
3.2. Around Takuyo Daigo Seamount Region
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dive Number | Sample Name | Location | Sample Size | Analysis Parameters | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latitude (N) | Longitude (E) | Depth (m) | Max. (mm) | Med. (mm) | Min. (mm) | X (mm) | Y (mm) | Pixel Size (μm) | Total Analysis Time (ms/pixel) | ||
6K#1459 | 6K#1459N1-004 | 24°35.69′ | 157°00.96′ | −5501 | 72 | 71 | 66 | 71.680 | 71.680 | 140 | 76 |
6K#1459N1-007 | 71 | 67 | 65 | 72.704 | 66.456 | 142 | 83 | ||||
6K#1459N1-013a | 95 | 65 | 59 | 67.584 | 59.983 | 132 | 86 | ||||
6K#1459N1-013b | 53.248 | 51.168 | 104 | 79 | |||||||
6K#1459N4-001 | 24°34.36′ | 157°00.49′ | −5503 | 64 | 61 | 60 | 62.464 | 61.488 | 122 | 78 | |
6K#1459N4-004a | 34 | 26 | 14 | 23.552 | 13.392 | 92 | 162 | ||||
6K#1459N4-004b | 31.232 | 16.117 | 122 | 178 | |||||||
6K#1459N5-002 | 24°33.99′ | 156°59.97′ | −5567 | 63 | 42 | 40 | 58.368 | 38.874 | 114 | 172 | |
6K#1460 | 6K#1460N1-002 | 23°05.01′ | 154°26.55′ | −5527 | 80 | 71 | 57 | 78.848 | 55.286 | 154 | 163 |
6K#1461 | 6K#1461N1-002 | 21°59.04′ | 153°56.33′ | −5728 | 38 | 27 | 18 | 38.400 | 26.700 | 150 | 658 |
6K#1461N1-005 | 34 | 30 | 15 | 34.816 | 14.348 | 136 | 446 | ||||
6K#1461N1-006 | 40 | 22 | 19 | 40.960 | 24.560 | 80 | 191 | ||||
6K#1461N2-013 | 21°59.00′ | 153°56.01′ | −5729 | 32 | 20 | 14 | 29.696 | 15.312 | 116 | 592 | |
6K#1462 | 6K#1462N1-001A | 22°19.92′ | 155°44.06′ | −5453 | 50 | 40 | 37 | 51.712 | 37.168 | 101 | 159 |
6K#1462N1-005 | 60 | 47 | 44 | 60.416 | 44.014 | 118 | 84 | ||||
6K#1462N1-031 | 36 | 32 | 30 | 35.840 | 29.680 | 140 | 101 | ||||
6K#1462N1-038 | 35 | 25 | 20 | 35.840 | 20.440 | 140 | 94 | ||||
6K#1462N1-039 | 27 | 26 | 13 | 28.672 | 13.328 | 112 | 985 | ||||
6K#1462N4-001B | 22°18.34′ | 155°42.49′ | −5444 | 37 | 27 | 25 | 36.864 | 26.064 | 144 | 108 | |
6K#1462N5-002 | 22°18.17′ | 155°42.26′ | −5443 | 89 | 69 | 48 | 87.040 | 72.760 | 170 | 91 | |
6K#1462N5-006 | 31 | 24 | 20 | 31.744 | 22.506 | 124 | 647 | ||||
6K#1463 | 6K#1463N1-010 | 21°57.15′ | 156°06.65′ | −5458 | 50 | 50 | 47 | 52.224 | 49.572 | 102 | 80 |
6K#1463N1-015 | 28 | 20 | 19 | 26.112 | 18.972 | 102 | 105 | ||||
6K#1463N2-014 | 21°57.10′ | 156°06.77′ | −5457 | 52 | 51 | 50 | 51.200 | 51.200 | 100 | 114 | |
6K#1463N2-019 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 27.648 | 24.084 | 108 | 105 | ||||
6K#1463N2-023 | 23 | 17 | 17 | 25.088 | 17.444 | 98 | 110 | ||||
6K#1463N3-007 | 21°56.85′ | 156°07.82′ | −5271 | 45 | 40 | 38 | 45.568 | 38.448 | 178 | 543 | |
6K#1463N3-008 | 45 | 33 | 32 | 46.080 | 33.750 | 90 | 156 | ||||
6K#1463N3-016 | 29 | 26 | 22 | 29.184 | 26.106 | 114 | 102 | ||||
6K#1463N4-007 | 21°56.81′ | 156°08.07′ | −5161 | 25 | 22 | 21 | 23.040 | 20.970 | 90 | 503 | |
6K#1463N4-009 | 27 | 22 | 20 | 28.160 | 21.120 | 110 | 407 | ||||
6K#1463N4-010 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 23.040 | 23.040 | 90 | 458 | ||||
6K#1463N5-007 | 21°56.74′ | 156°08.30′ | −5004 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 20.992 | 19.188 | 82 | 92 | |
6K#1463N5-009 | 25 | 19 | 19 | 25.600 | 19.500 | 100 | 120 | ||||
6K#1464 | 6K#1464N1-002 | 22°15.45′ | 153°51.38′ | −5778 | 72 | 64 | 63 | 70.656 | 64.032 | 138 | 84 |
6K#1464N1-006 | 62 | 53 | 52 | 61.440 | 57.000 | 120 | 82 | ||||
6K#1464N2-001 | 22°15.15′ | 153°51.66′ | −5781 | 96 | 61 | 56 | 60.416 | 59.472 | 118 | 116 | |
6K#1464N3-001D | 22°14.80′ | 153°52.26′ | −5783 | 32 | 28 | 20 | 33.792 | 22.044 | 132 | 94 | |
6K#1464N3-008 | 39 | 39 | 37 | 40.448 | 40.132 | 158 | 461 | ||||
6K#1464N4-001 | 22°14.77′ | 153°53.17′ | −5750 | 50 | 33 | 29 | 50.688 | 33.264 | 99 | 116 | |
6K#1464N4-010 | 41 | 33 | 32 | 42.240 | 33.990 | 165 | 347 | ||||
6K#1464N5-004 | 22°14.76′ | 153°53.42′ | −5755 | 50 | 49 | 46 | 48.128 | 48.128 | 94 | 84 | |
6K#1464N5-011 | 53 | 35 | 30 | 53.248 | 33.800 | 104 | 84 | ||||
6K#1464N6-006 | 22°14.80′ | 153°53.83′ | −5761 | 48 | 40 | 38 | 49.152 | 39.936 | 192 | 379 | |
6K#1464N6-007 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43.008 | 43.008 | 168 | 458 | ||||
6K#1464N6-013 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 34.816 | 31.756 | 136 | 117 | ||||
6K#1465 | 6K#1465N4-001B | 22°01.67′ | 153°56.27′ | −5679 | 37 | 36 | 30 | 37.888 | 29.156 | 148 | 119 |
6K#1465N4-009 | 46 | 37 | 37 | 47.104 | 37.904 | 92 | 95 | ||||
6K#1465N4-011 | 48 | 29 | 17 | 43.520 | 18.190 | 170 | 88 |
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Machida, S.; Shimomura, R.; Nakamura, K.; Kogiso, T.; Kato, Y. Intermittent Beginning to the Formation of Hydrogenous Ferromanganese Nodules in the Vast Field: Insights from Multi-Element Chemostratigraphy Using Microfocus X-ray Fluorescence. Minerals 2021, 11, 1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11111246
Machida S, Shimomura R, Nakamura K, Kogiso T, Kato Y. Intermittent Beginning to the Formation of Hydrogenous Ferromanganese Nodules in the Vast Field: Insights from Multi-Element Chemostratigraphy Using Microfocus X-ray Fluorescence. Minerals. 2021; 11(11):1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11111246
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachida, Shiki, Ryo Shimomura, Kentaro Nakamura, Tetsu Kogiso, and Yasuhiro Kato. 2021. "Intermittent Beginning to the Formation of Hydrogenous Ferromanganese Nodules in the Vast Field: Insights from Multi-Element Chemostratigraphy Using Microfocus X-ray Fluorescence" Minerals 11, no. 11: 1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11111246
APA StyleMachida, S., Shimomura, R., Nakamura, K., Kogiso, T., & Kato, Y. (2021). Intermittent Beginning to the Formation of Hydrogenous Ferromanganese Nodules in the Vast Field: Insights from Multi-Element Chemostratigraphy Using Microfocus X-ray Fluorescence. Minerals, 11(11), 1246. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11111246