Concealed-Fault Detection in Low-Amplitude Tectonic Area—An Example of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Tests
2.1. Method
- (1)
- Calculate the multi-scale and multi-orientation log-Gabor filter bank in the frequency domain;
- (2)
- Calculate the Fourier transform of the coherence slice;
- (3)
- Convolve the results in step (2) with all multi-scale and multi-orientation filters, and calculate the Inverse Fourier transform;
- (4)
- Extract the total energy by summing the scale-dependent absolute amplitude obtained in step (3) in each orientation. Researchers can obtain the denominator in formula (1) in this step;
- (5)
- Follow step (3) to calculate the energies of even and odd versions, obtain their square root of amplitude, and count the weighted mean phase angles;
- (6)
- Compute the sigmoidal weighting function for each orientation;
- (7)
- Calculate numerator in formula (1);
- (8)
- Compute the PC for each orientation;
- (9)
- Extract some characteristics from the PC such as the feature phase and the maximum moment.
2.2. Tests
3. Application
3.1. Background
3.2. Problem
3.3. Result
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The phase congruency method focuses more on the “location” of faults rather than the discontinuity values. For this reason, this method is equally sensitive to effective information and noise and should be combined with geological structures to eliminate unnecessary disturbances.
- (2)
- The study area mentioned in this paper is located in the low-amplitude structural area of the Ordos Basin in China, formed from the Late Jurassic to the end of the Early Cretaceous period and earlier than the main accumulation period of Mesozoic oil reservoirs. Hidden faults with small fault distances and small spatial extensions are difficult to detect with conventional methods. Using the phase congruency analysis method, we first helped geologists to demonstrate the existence of a shear fault zone in the northeast of the work area. This has a positive significance in terms of expanding the area of high-quality reservoirs to the north and east. Second, a new and vast fracture zone in the center of the survey, slightly to the south, was found. It is the stress relief area of different fault zones and likely has more crossed-fracture networks. This is a positive development in terms of providing the necessary oil or gas channels in tight sandstone reservoirs. Thirdly, a series of hidden faults in other strata were newly discovered. Some of these faults influence the bottom water, causing water to flow out during the process of testing for oil, which decreases the recovery rate; some faults form effective channels, improve the overall permeability of the reservoir, and contribute to accumulation. This research is of great significance for understanding the law of oil and gas migration and avoiding the risk of leakage caused by fracturing.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wang, E.; Zhang, J.; Yan, G.; Yang, Q.; Zhao, W.; Xie, C.; He, R. Concealed-Fault Detection in Low-Amplitude Tectonic Area—An Example of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs. Minerals 2021, 11, 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101122
Wang E, Zhang J, Yan G, Yang Q, Zhao W, Xie C, He R. Concealed-Fault Detection in Low-Amplitude Tectonic Area—An Example of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs. Minerals. 2021; 11(10):1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101122
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Enli, Junduo Zhang, Guoliang Yan, Qing Yang, Wanjin Zhao, Chunhui Xie, and Run He. 2021. "Concealed-Fault Detection in Low-Amplitude Tectonic Area—An Example of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs" Minerals 11, no. 10: 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101122