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Article

High-Gradient Magnetic Separation of Compact Fluorescent Lamp Phosphors: Elucidation of the Removal Dynamics in a Rotary Permanent Magnet Separator

by
Peter Boelens
1,*,
Zhe Lei
2,
Björn Drobot
3,
Martin Rudolph
1,
Zichao Li
4,
Matthias Franzreb
5,
Kerstin Eckert
2 and
Franziska Lederer
1,*
1
Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-09599 Freiberg, Germany
2
Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
3
Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
4
Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
5
Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Minerals 2021, 11(10), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101116
Submission received: 26 August 2021 / Revised: 27 September 2021 / Accepted: 29 September 2021 / Published: 12 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recovery of Precious Metals, Rare Earth Elements and Special Metals from Spent Secondary Products)
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Abstract

In an ongoing effort towards a more sustainable rare-earth element market, there is a high potential for an efficient recycling of rare-earth elements from end-of-life compact fluorescent lamps by physical separation of the individual phosphors. In this study, we investigate the separation of five fluorescent lamp particles by high-gradient magnetic separation in a rotary permanent magnet separator. We thoroughly characterize the phosphors by ICP-MS, laser diffraction analysis, gas displacement pycnometry, surface area analysis, SQUID-VSM, and Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy. We present a fast and reliable quantification method for mixtures of the investigated phosphors, based on a combination of Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis. With this method, we were able to monitor each phosphors’ removal dynamics in the high-gradient magnetic separator and we estimate that the particles’ removal efficiencies are proportional to (d2·χ)1/3. Finally, we have found that the removed phosphors can readily be recovered easily from the separation cell by backwashing with an intermittent air–water flow. This work should contribute to a better understanding of the phosphors’ separability by high-gradient magnetic separation and can simultaneously be considered to be an important preparation for an upscalable separation process with (bio)functionalized superparamagnetic carriers.
Keywords: rare-earth elements; compact fluorescent lamp phosphors; time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy; PARAFAC; rotary permanent magnet separator; high-gradient magnetic separation; kelvin force rare-earth elements; compact fluorescent lamp phosphors; time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy; PARAFAC; rotary permanent magnet separator; high-gradient magnetic separation; kelvin force

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MDPI and ACS Style

Boelens, P.; Lei, Z.; Drobot, B.; Rudolph, M.; Li, Z.; Franzreb, M.; Eckert, K.; Lederer, F. High-Gradient Magnetic Separation of Compact Fluorescent Lamp Phosphors: Elucidation of the Removal Dynamics in a Rotary Permanent Magnet Separator. Minerals 2021, 11, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101116

AMA Style

Boelens P, Lei Z, Drobot B, Rudolph M, Li Z, Franzreb M, Eckert K, Lederer F. High-Gradient Magnetic Separation of Compact Fluorescent Lamp Phosphors: Elucidation of the Removal Dynamics in a Rotary Permanent Magnet Separator. Minerals. 2021; 11(10):1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101116

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boelens, Peter, Zhe Lei, Björn Drobot, Martin Rudolph, Zichao Li, Matthias Franzreb, Kerstin Eckert, and Franziska Lederer. 2021. "High-Gradient Magnetic Separation of Compact Fluorescent Lamp Phosphors: Elucidation of the Removal Dynamics in a Rotary Permanent Magnet Separator" Minerals 11, no. 10: 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101116

APA Style

Boelens, P., Lei, Z., Drobot, B., Rudolph, M., Li, Z., Franzreb, M., Eckert, K., & Lederer, F. (2021). High-Gradient Magnetic Separation of Compact Fluorescent Lamp Phosphors: Elucidation of the Removal Dynamics in a Rotary Permanent Magnet Separator. Minerals, 11(10), 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11101116

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