Compaction Characteristics of Kaolin Reinforced with Raw and Rubberized Oil Palm Shell
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methodology
2.1. Water Absorption Test
2.2. Compaction Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Absorption of OPS and ROPS Samples
3.2. Compaction Tests on OPS and ROPS Modified Kaolin
3.2.1. Specific Gravity of Kaolin Mixed with OPS and ROPS Sample
3.2.2. Compaction Characteristics of OPS-Reinforced Kaolin
3.2.3. Compaction Characteristics of ROPSDL-Reinforced Kaolin
3.2.4. Comparison of Results Obtained from Standard Proctor Compaction and Mini-Compaction Tests
3.2.5. Effect of Rubber Coating on Compaction Characteristics of Kaolin-OPS Samples
4. Conclusions
- High water absorption of OPS is generally detrimental to the OPS, leading to material degradation. Thus, the less the water’s interaction with the OPS biomass, the less the degradation. To this end, surface coating using rubber sealant is deemed to be a favorable and eco-friendly alternative. The water absorption of the ROPS in water reduced to as low as 1.5% of the OPS, which recorded the water absorption of 31.2%. The water movement or diffusion was observed to be less when OPS was coated with rubber sealant, thereby signifying the capability of ROPSDL to perform as a relatively long term soil reinforcement for kaolin samples. However, more research evaluating the performance ROPSDL and exploring other options for surface treatment is strongly advised.
- For kaolin-ROPS samples, the compaction curves obtained using both standard proctor compaction and mini-compaction tests show γdmax to decrease with increasing OPS contents. This is related to the substitution of kaolin particles with the equivalent volume of OPS. The lower specific gravity of OPS leads to decrease in γdmax. However, variation of wopt is insignificant in this case.
- For kaolin-ROPSDL samples, the compaction curve at optimum exhibits a downward-leftward shift over the γd-w dimension, indicating a significant reduction in both γdmax and wopt. The lower specific gravity along with minor loss of compaction efficiency due to the elastic response of rubber on OPS during compaction could have led to this reduction in γdmax, while the lower wopt clearly relates to reduced water absorption capability of ROPSDL samples.
- This study also evaluated the possibility of using the mini-compaction test (a relatively quick test) to estimate the compaction characteristics of shell-like material in soil. The mini-compaction test results were compared with the standard proctor compaction test. The compaction curves for OPS and ROPSDL-reinforced kaolin samples obtained using mini-compaction apparatus showed a comparable and consistent results with the results abstained using standard proctor compaction tests. Results from this study therefore suggests that the mini-compaction test procedure proposed by Sridharan and Sivapullaiah [14] can be considered to estimate the compaction behavior of kaolin-OPS and kaolin-ROPS samples.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Type | Kaolin | Procedure |
---|---|---|
Specific Gravity, Gs | 2.65 | ASTM D854-14 [16] |
Particle Size Distribution | ||
Clay (%) | 22 | ASTM D422-07 [17] |
Silt (%) | 78 | |
Sand (%) | 0 | |
Gravel (%) | 0 | |
D90 (mm) | 0.013 | |
D60 (mm) | 0.008 | |
D50 (mm) | 0.004 | |
D30 (mm) | 0.003 | |
D10 (mm) | 0.001 | |
Coefficient of uniformity, Cu | 8.0 | |
Coefficient of curvature, Cc | 1.1 | |
Consistency Limits and Soil Classification | ||
Liquid Limit (wL) | 64 | ASTM D4318-17 [18] |
Plastic Limit (wP) | 38 | |
Plasticity Index (Ip) | 26 | |
USCS soil classification | MH a | ASTM D2487-17 [19] |
Compaction Characteristics—Standard Proctor Test | ||
Optimum moisture content, wopt (%) | 14.8 | ASTM D698-12 [20] |
Maximum dry unit weight, γdmax (kN/m3) | 13.0 | |
Compaction Characteristics—Mini-compaction Test | ||
Optimum moisture content, wopt (%) | 12.7 | Sridharan and Sivapullaiah [14] |
Maximum dry unit weight, γdmax (kN/m3) | 13.1 |
Soil Types | OPS |
---|---|
Specific gravity, Gs | 1.23 |
Shell thickness (mm) | 0.3–3.0 |
Field moisture content (%) | 13.7–24.5 |
Organic content (%) | 72.5–87.8 |
24-h water absorption (%) | 20.9–37.1 |
Scenarios | Descriptions (Sample + Medium) |
---|---|
1 | OPS + water |
2 | OPS + Kaolin (0.5wL) |
3 | OPS + Kaolin (0.75wL) |
4 | OPS + Kaolin (1wL) |
5 | OPS + Kaolin (2wL) |
6 | ROPSSL + water |
7 | ROPSSL + Kaolin (0.5wL) |
8 | ROPSSL + Kaolin (0.75wL) |
9 | ROPSSL + Kaolin (1wL) |
10 | ROPSSL + Kaolin (2wL) |
11 | ROPSDL + water |
12 | ROPSDL + Kaolin (0.5wL) |
13 | ROPSDL + Kaolin (0.75wL) |
14 | ROPSDL + Kaolin (1wL) |
15 | ROPSDL + Kaolin (2wL) |
Test Sample | Specific Gravity (Gs) |
---|---|
Kaolin | 2.65 |
OPS | 1.23 |
ROPSDL | 1.24 |
Kaolin + 5% OPS | 2.51 |
Kaolin + 10% OPS | 2.40 |
Kaolin + 20% OPS | 2.22 |
Kaolin + 30% OPS | 2.09 |
Kaolin + 5% ROPSDL | 2.51 |
Kaolin + 10% ROPSDL | 2.40 |
Kaolin + 20% ROPSDL | 2.23 |
Kaolin + 30% ROPSDL | 2.10 |
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Loi, S.J.; Anandan, S.; Tan, Y.S.; Raghunandan, M.E. Compaction Characteristics of Kaolin Reinforced with Raw and Rubberized Oil Palm Shell. Minerals 2020, 10, 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100863
Loi SJ, Anandan S, Tan YS, Raghunandan ME. Compaction Characteristics of Kaolin Reinforced with Raw and Rubberized Oil Palm Shell. Minerals. 2020; 10(10):863. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100863
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoi, Shi Jun, Subhashini Anandan, Yi Sheng Tan, and Mavinakere Eshwaraiah Raghunandan. 2020. "Compaction Characteristics of Kaolin Reinforced with Raw and Rubberized Oil Palm Shell" Minerals 10, no. 10: 863. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10100863