Next Article in Journal
Aspects of Applied Chemistry Related to Future Goals of Safety and Efficiency in Materials Development for Nuclear Energy
Next Article in Special Issue
The Enantioselective Potential of NicoShell and TeicoShell Columns for Basic Pharmaceuticals and Forensic Drugs in Sub/Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
Previous Article in Journal
Hesperidin Methyl Chalcone Reduces the Arthritis Caused by TiO2 in Mice: Targeting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Cytokine Production, and Nociceptor Sensory Neuron Activation
Previous Article in Special Issue
Environmentally Sustainable Achiral and Chiral Chromatographic Analysis of Amino Acids in Food Supplements
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 28
Issue 2
10.3390/molecules28020873
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Chiral Separation, Configuration Confirmation and Bioactivity Determination of the Stereoisomers of Hesperidin and Narirutin in Citrus reticulata Blanco

by
Bingtong Jiang
1,2,
Sirong Cao
1,
Jiayu Zhang
1,* and
Zhaokun Wang
1,*
1
School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road Laishan District, Yantai 264003, China
2
College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1076 Yuhua Road, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(2), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020873
Submission received: 2 November 2022 / Revised: 2 December 2022 / Accepted: 12 January 2023 / Published: 15 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chiral Chromatography Analysis of Natural and Bioactive Compounds)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Hesperidin and narirutin are a class of flavanone glycosides, which are the main active constituents in Citrus reticulata Blanco. In the present study, a chiral HPLC-UV method with amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) as a stationary phase under a normal-phase mode was used to achieve the stereoselective separation of the C-2 diastereomers of hesperidin and narirutin simultaneously. The single epimer was then successfully prepared by applying semi-preparative chromatography, whose absolute configuration (R/S) was characterized by combining the experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) detection with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. The epimer composition of these two chiral flavanone glycosides in Citrus reticulata Blanco was then determined, which was found to be slightly different in the herbs from different production regions. The anti-inflammatory activity of each prepared single epimer was further evaluated, and some differences between one pair of epimers of hesperidin and narirutin were observed, which suggested that the presence of different epimers should be considered in the quality evaluation and control of natural medicine.

1. Introduction

Flavanone components are a class of flavonoids, mostly in the form of glycosides, and no flavanone monomer compounds have been found in nature so far [1]. Flavanone glycosides are mainly found in citrus plants of the family of Rutaceae. For example, hesperidin, naringenin, narirutin, eriocitrin and neohesperidin are the most abundant components in the peel part of fruit, such as orange, grapefruit, sweet and lime, as well as lemon [2,3,4,5,6].
The substituents on the backbone structure of flavanone are diverse, including the methoxy, hydroxyl and isopentenyl groups, with biological activities such as anti-inflammatory [7], antioxidant [8], bactericidal [9], anti-cancer [10] and anti-virus [11] activities; therefore, these compounds have a great application value in the food and pharmaceutical fields. Due to the wide distribution and variety of biological activities, flavanone glycosides have already been chosen for the quality assessment and control of citrus herbal medicines, such as Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi) and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride (Qingpi) [12].
Unlike other flavonoids, flavanones have one special structural feature, with a chiral carbon at the C2 position in the basic skeleton structure (C6-C3-C6). Hence, flavanones consist of one pair of enantiomers. After the formation of flavanone 7-O-glycosides, these two enantiomers were transformed into one pair of epimers [13]. As we all know, the thalidomide tragedy served as a reminder that enantiomers have similar physicochemical properties but differ in their bioactivity. Significantly, the enantiomers of a chiral compound possess the exact same physicochemical properties in an achiral environment, while they (at least in principle) are characterized by different properties when interacting with a chiral entity. Thus, their biological activities sometimes differ. The same holds true for epimers. If one drug will be marketed as a racemate or mixture of stereoisomers, then the pharmacological activities of each single isomer must be documented to ensure the safety and efficacy of the drug.
Natural products are one of the essential resources in drug discovery. For natural active substances, the stereoisomerisms are exceedingly common, especially in flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenes, which are generally regarded as the most effective materials in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Therefore, it is necessary to separate the stereoisomer and investigate the biological activity of each isomer.
Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae), an important cash crop, is mainly planted in the south of the Yangtze River in China [14]. As a common medicinal plant, Citrus reticulata Blanco has been proven to possess multiple functions, such as dredging meridian, promoting blood flow, delaying senescence, etc. [15,16]. Depending on the harvesting period, two different herbal medicines, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi) and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride (Qingpi), can be obtained. A modern phytochemical study showed that Citrus reticulata Blanco is rich in flavonoid compounds. Among them, hesperidin and narirutin, as two flavanone components with high contents in the peels of Citrus reticulata Blanco [17], are two important active substances in Chenpi and Qingpi, and both of them are chiral compounds (Table 1).
Currently, several methods are used for the separation of hesperidin stereoisomers, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with chiral stationary phase (CSP) columns [18], supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) [19] and microcapillary nano-upgrade liquid chromatography combined with the addition of a chiral selector into the mobile phase [20]. However, these methods are limited by their operational complexity, their high cost and their lack of an ability for the simultaneous quantification of multiple chiral flavonoids.
In the present study, we developed a highly efficient method for the simultaneous separation of the C-2 diastereomers of hesperidin and narirutin and the quantification of each epimer in Chenpi and Qingpi. Further, these single stereoisomers were obtained by semi-preparative liquid chromatography, whose stereo configurations were determined using electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of each epimer was investigated in detail. In conclusion, the findings provide new insights for the study of chiral active ingredients in natural drugs and thus help in better understanding the potential mechanisms responsible for the clinical efficacy and safety of natural medicine.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Optimization of HPLC-UV Conditions

In order to obtain a simple, reliable, accurate and feasible method with the best separation effect, some chromatography parameters, including the types of chiral chromatographic columns, the compositions of the mobile phase as well as the column temperature on the separation of stereoisomers, were optimized.
Based on the previous literature [21], the commercially available Chiral INC (cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorolphenylcarbamate)) and Chiral ND columns were tested for the chromatographic separation of hesperidin and narirutin epimers (Figure S1 and Table S1). In our research, it was found that the Chiral ND column showed the better resolution for both hesperidin and narirutin epimers, and it was used in our further study. The mobile phase, containing n-hexane, isopropanol/ethanol and formic acid in different proportions, was also investigated, which showed that a combination of n-hexane, isopropanol and formic acid at 62:38:0.25 (v/v/v) provided the best resolution for both hesperidin and narirutin epimers. Under the optimal mobile phase condition, the effects of column temperature variation on the resolution were tested in the range of 20–30 °C, and the final column temperature was set at 25 °C. Figure 1 showed the typical chromatogram of the simultaneous stereoisomeric separation of hesperidin and narirutin epimers under the optimized chromatographic condition.

2.2. Configuration Confirmation

In order to confirm the conformation of each epimer, the ECD spectra of them were measured respectively and then compared with the theoretically calculated ECD spectra of the 2R- and 2S-epimers based on time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). According to the previous literature, signs at 280–290 nm (π-π* transition) and at 330–340 nm (n-π* transition) were related to the absolute configuration [18]. As depicted in Figure 2a, the ECD spectrum of hesperidin-E1 (the first eluted epimer) showed the same cotton effect as that of its 2S-epimer at 280–290 nm and 330–340 nm. In contrast, the cotton effect in the spectrum of hesperidin-E2 (the second eluted epimer) at the same wavelengths corresponded to that of 2R-hesperidin. Similarly, the results in Figure 2b show that the spectrum of narirutin-E1 was consistent with that of its 2S-isomer, and the spectrum of narirutin-E2 corresponded to that of its 2R-isomer. It is worth noting that the calculated ECD spectra did not exactly match the measured data, and, therefore, we applied two different DFT functionals in the performance of theoretical ECD calculations to obtain a reliable result in the configuration confirmation.

2.3. Method Validation

The performance of the developed method was validated as described in Section 3.5. As shown in Table 2, the established method possessed a good linearity, with the coefficient of correlation being higher than 0.9993 at the concentration of the stereoisomer in the range of 0.0055–0.3598 mg/mL.
The corresponding data of the recovery and precision as well as the stability are summarized in Table 3. The relative recovery values varied from 101.1 to 121.9% for each epimer of hesperidin and narirutin. The intra-day and inter-day precision were in the range of 0.79–3.93% and 0.64–3.52%, respectively. The stability test indicated that the sample solution was stable from 0 to 24 h, with RSD values of the content lower than 5.0%, indicating a good stability of all target analytes.

2.4. Quantitative Analysis of Samples

The contents of the individual epimers of hesperidin and narirutin in Chenpi and Qingpi were simultaneously quantified using the developed chiral NP-HPLC method. Figure 3 shows the chromatograms of 2S-narirutin, 2R-narirutin, 2S-hesperidin and 2R-hesperidin detected in Chenpi and Qingpi from different producing areas. The content of the 2S-epimer as well as the ratio of the 2S/2R of hesperidin and narirutin are shown in Table 4. For hesperidin, the 2S-epimer was predominant in both Chenpi and Qingpi, and the contents were 2.24–6.80% in Chenpi and 4.88–11.3% in Qingpi, respectively. A small amount of 2R-hesperidin was present in Chenpi, and almost none was found in Qingpi. In addition, the content of 2S-hesperidin varied widely among Qingpi crudes from different production regions, but the ratio of 2S/2R varied slightly.
Narirutin, which has the same sugar moiety (rutinose) as hesperidin, exhibited different results from the stereoisomeric level. It was found that the ratio of 2S/2R of narirutin in Chenpi was nearly 1:1. While in Qingpi, the contents of the 2S-epimer were several times higher than those of 2R-narirutin, which is inconsistent with the previous reports [18]. Based on that, we conceived that there may be a conversion from the 2S- to 2R-epimer in narirutin during the growth of plants. In addition, the presence of narirutin was not detected in Sample E, which was probably attributed to the different source between Sample E and others. Sample E dried from the ripe peels of Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ and C. suhoiensis Tanaka [22], while other samples were from Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated variants.

2.5. Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Nitric oxide (NO) acts as one of the crucial signaling molecules in the pathogenesis of inflammation-related diseases. It was reported that hesperidin and narirutin possess anti-inflammatory activity [23,24]. To investigate the difference in the activity between the epimers, all of the isolated epimers were prepared to evaluate their anti-inflammatory, inhibitory effects against NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Indomethacin was used as a positive control, and to avoid the effect of the cytotoxicity of these tested epimers, cell viability was assessed by the MTT method first (Figures S2 and S3). Figure 4a shows that 2R-hesperidin seemed to have a better inhibitory activity against NO production in LPS-induced RAW cells, while no significant difference was observed between the stereoisomers in our tested concentration range. Regrettably, due to the cytotoxicity of hesperidin, we did not enlarge their concentration for further study. As for narirutin, a significant difference in inhibitory activity between the epimers was observed. Figure 4b shows that 2S-narirutin was more effective than 2R-form in all tested concentration ranges, but neither was as efficacious as the R/S mixture, suggesting that the stereo configuration may have some influence on the bioactivity of chiral flavanone to some extent.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Sample Materials

Crude drugs of Chenpi (Samples A–E), and crude drugs of Qingpi (Samples F–M) of Citrus reticulata Blanco were purchased from the main commercial herbal markets and different herbal shops in China. The vouchers have been deposited in Binzhou Medical College (Yantai Campus).

3.2. Chemicals and Reagents

HPLC-grade n-hexane (ACS, Wilmington, NC, USA), formic acid (Kermel, Tianjin, China) and isopropanol (≥99.9%, HPLC/ACS-grade) for HPLC analysis were purchased from Energy Chemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). HPLC-grade methanol was obtained from Concord Technology Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). The chiral flavonoid standards of hesperidin and narirutin (mixture of one pair of epimers) were purchased from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

3.3. Instrumentation and Conditions

Stereoisomeric determination was carried out using an HPLC system (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), which included an UltiMate 3000 pump, an UltiMate 3000 autosampler and an UltiMate 3000 thermo stable column compartment, as well as a diode-array detector. The Chromeleon 7.2 Chromatography Data System (ThermoFisher Scientific) was used for system control and data acquisition. The mobile phase consisted of n-hexane (A) and isopropanol doped with 0.25% formic acid (B) at the proportion of 62:38. Chiral ND (2) column (FLM Scientific Instrument Co., Guangdong, China) packed with amylose tris-3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate coated on silica (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm) was used as the chiral stationary phase (CSP). The flow rate was 0.6 mL/min, and the other parameters were set as follows: a temperature of 25 °C, a detection wavelength of 283 nm and an injection volume of 10 μL.
The isolation of the individual epimer of hesperidin and narirutin was conducted on Shimadzu (SPD-20A) semi-preparative HPLC (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Standard solutions of hesperidin and narirutin (R/S mixture) were prepared into 0.4 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL with methanol, respectively, and then 150 μL of the standard solution was injected into HPLC for the isolation of each epimer. A chiral semi-preparative column packed with the same particles in the analysis but differing in size (5 μm, 250 mm × 10 mm) was used for the separation, and an automatic fraction collector was used for the collection of the eluted epimer. The mobile phase consisted of n-hexane (A) and isopropanol (B). For the isolation of hesperidin and narirutin, the proportion of n-hexane and isopropanol was 45:55 and 50:50, respectively. The flow rate was set at 3.0 mL/min.
The eluting fraction was collected several times by an automatic fraction collector, and then the same factions were merged together. After a water bath with evaporation at 80 °C, each single epimer was obtained. However, to obtain the sufficient amounts for the subsequent study on biological activity, the mentioned procedures were repeated multiple times.

3.4. Preparation of Sample Solutions

The crude drug was pulverized to obtain the homogeneous fine powder. A total of 1.0 g of the fine powder was accurately weighed and then added into a flask containing 25 mL methanol. The total mass of the powder, methanol and flask was also weighed. After extraction with reflux under heating for 2 h, the mixture was cooled down to room temperature. Then, the total mass was weighed again. The loss of weight was replenished with methanol. After that, 1.0 mL of the extracting solution was taken out and diluted into 5.0 mL with ethyl alcohol to obtain the real sample solution for the determination of each stereoisomer. Subsequently, all of the sample solutions were filtered through a 0.22 μm nylon syringe filter, and 10 μL was injected into the HPLC-UV system for analysis.

3.5. Identification of Different Isomers

The individual epimers of hesperidin and narirutin were separately dissolved in methanol with a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. After filtering through a 0.22 μm nylon syringe filter, 500 μL was infused into the 0.1 cm path length quartz cuvette. The experimental spectra of the collected fraction were recorded between 200 and 400 nm wavelengths with a response of 0.5 s using the Chirascan qCD spectrograph (Applied Photophysics Ltd., Surry, UK).
The theoretical ECD spectra of the 2R/2S epimer were calculated by the Gaussian 09 software system according to the TDDFT [25]. First, the conformational search was performed using the MMFF94s force field in the conformational search software CONFLEX. Next, those conformations whose energies were not more than 3 kcal/mol higher than the lowest energy were optimized at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) and CAM-B3LYP levels, respectively. They were checked by frequency calculation and resulted in no imaginary frequencies. The ECD of the conformers was then respectively calculated by the TDDFT method at the B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) and CAM-B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) levels with the PCM model in a methanol solution. The final calculated ECD curve was generated by summing the calculated ECD of each conformer based on Boltzmann averaging using SpecDis 1.62. The absolute configurations of the compounds were determined by comparing the calculated ECD with the experimental ECD.

3.6. Method Validation

The method was validated for linearity, range, precision and accuracy in accordance with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition [26].
The stock solution of hesperidin and narirutin (R/S mixture) at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL was prepared by dissolving the standards into methanol. For the commercial hesperidin mixture, it consists of R/S epimers at a ratio of 36:64; For narirutin, the ratio was 62:38. The stock solution was then diluted stepwise by a mobile phase to obtain the calibration solutions containing each epimer at different concentrations. Six-point calibration curves for 2S-narirutin (5.52–44.2 μg/mL), 2R-narirutin (9.69–77.6 μg/mL), 2S-hesperidin (35.9–359 μg/mL) and 2R-hesperidin (5.86–33.0 μg/mL) were constructed to determine each epimer in the real sample. Taking the concentration of each epimer as the X-axis and the peak area as the Y-axis, the standard curve was drawn. The regression equations of peak areas versus concentrations were determined, and the correlation coefficients (r) were calculated and used to assess the linearity. The content of each epimer in six individual crude samples (Sample B) was determined on the same day for intra-day precision assessment and on three consecutive days for evaluating the inter-day precision. Precision was expressed as the RSD (%) of the measured concentrations. The stability test was conducted by storing Sample B at room temperature and then analyzing it at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h, correspondingly. To determine the recovery, the solution of Sample B was prepared in sextuplicate and then added with the reference substance (approximately 100% of the original amount of each epimer in the sample), prepared as described in Section 3.4, and subjected to HPLC for analysis.

3.7. Anti-Inflammatory Assay

3.7.1. Cell Viability

The murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was cultured in plastic dishes containing Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% Fetal bovine serum (FBS; Shanghai XP Biomed Ltd., Shanghai, CN) in a CO2 incubator (5% CO2) at 37 °C. For hesperidin and narirutin, the cytotoxicity of the 2S- and 2R-epimers as well as their mixtures against RAW 264.7 cells was assessed by a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cells (3.5 × 104 cells/mL) were seeded into a 96-well plate at 37 °C for 24 h. The cells were then treated with the test compounds (2S- and 2R-epimers and their mixtures) for 24 h or 48 h. Then, the cells were incubated with 100 μL of 0.5 mg/mL MTT for 4 h at 37 °C to test for cell viability. The medium was then removed, and DMSO (150 μL) was added to dissolve all of the formazan crystals. The absorbance of the formazan solution at 490 nm was measured using a microplate reader (Bio Tek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA).

3.7.2. Measurement of NO Production

The production of nitric oxide (NO) was assessed by measuring the content of nitrite ion (NO2−) in the cultured media using a colorimetric method based on the Griess reaction [27]. The cells in 0.5 mL DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS were seeded in a 24-well plate (2.5 × 105 cells/mL). After 18 h, when the cells reached 100% confluence, the old medium was removed and then treated with different concentrations of test compounds and LPS. The plate was kept in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2 at 37 °C for 24 h until the medium was harvested. The nitric oxide tested kit (Beyotime Biotech, Haimen, China) was used for the measurement of NO Production.

4. Conclusions

In this study, an efficient method was proposed for the simultaneous stereoisomeric separation and quantification of two major chiral flavanone glycosides in Citrus reticulata Blanco. The developed method was then validated in terms of precision and recovery, linearity and stability with satisfactory results. Moreover, each single stereoisomer of hesperidin and narirutin was achieved by using a chiral semi-preparative column, whose stereo configurations were then determined. Subsequently, hesperidin and narirutin with their corresponding C-2 differential isomers in Chenpi and Qingpi from different production regions were analyzed. It was found that hesperidin mainly existed as its 2S-form, while narirutin existed as both 2S- and 2R-epimers in the crude Citrus reticulata Blanco. A cell experiment further indicated that the isomers with different stereo configurations displayed different bioactivities, which provided a new insight for the investigation of chiral active ingredients in natural drugs.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules28020873/s1, Figure S1: All chromatograms during the optimization of the separation of hesperidin and narirutin isomers; Figure S2: Effect on cell viability in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. (a) Effect of LPS on the cell viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages. (b–d) Effect of hesperidin racemates and 2S- and 2R-isomers on the cell viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages; Figure S3: Effect on cell viability in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. (a) Effect of Indomethacin on the cell viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages. (b–d) Effect of narirutin racemates and 2S- and 2R-isomers on the cell viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages; Table S1: The effects of the types of chiral columns and the kinds and proportions of the mobile phase on the separation of hesperidin and narirutin epimers; Table S2: Isolated amounts and recovery rate of the each epimer; Table S3: The relative energies and population of Narirutin-2R conformers; Table S4: The relative energies and population of Hesperidin-1R conformers.

Author Contributions

According to the CRediT taxonomy: B.J.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, writing—original draft; S.C.: methodology, investigation; J.Z.: resources, writing—review & editing; Z.W.: funding acquisition, resources, supervision, writing—review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Most of the data used during the preparation of the manuscript are included in the Results and Discussion sections. However, for any additional details of the procedures and the results’ original raw files, please contact the corresponding authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analyses or interpretation of the data, in the writing of the manuscript or in the decision to publish the results.

Sample Availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Kuang, H. Chinese Medicinal Chemistry; China Press of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Beijing, China, 2017; pp. 73–75. [Google Scholar]
  2. Patel, K.; Singh, G.K.; Patel, D.K. A Review on Pharmacological and Analytical Aspects of Naringenin. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 2018, 24, 551–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Pyrzynska, K. Hesperidin: A Review on Extraction Methods, Stability and Biological Activities. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Shehata, M.G.; Awad, T.S.; Asker, D.; El Sohaimy, S.A.; Aziz, N.M.A.E.; Youssef, M.M. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS polyphenolic profile of sweet orange peel extracts. Curr. Res. Food Sci. 2021, 4, 326–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Wang, S.; Qin, Z.; Wang, Y.; Liu, L.; Tan, Z. A Novel Ethanolic Two-Phase System Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents and Amphiphilic Copolymer for the Extraction of Neohesperidin and Naringin from the Pomelo Peel. Foods 2022, 11, 2590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Yao, L.; Liu, W.; Bashir, M.; Nisar, M.F.; Wan, C.C. Eriocitrin: A review of pharmacological effects. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2022, 154, 113563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Wang, X.; Cao, Y.; Chen, S.; Lin, J.; Bian, J.; Huang, D. Anti-Inflammation Activity of Flavones and Their Structure–Activity Relationship. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2021, 69, 7285–7302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Singh, B.; Singh, J.P.; Kaur, A.; Singh, N. Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel. Food Res. Int. 2020, 132, 109114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Abuelsaad, A.S.; Mohamed, I.; Allam, G.; Al-Solumani, A.A. Antimicrobial and immunomodulating activities of hesperidin and ellagic acid against diarrheic Aeromonas hydrophila in a murine model. Life Sci. 2013, 93, 714–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Aiello, P.; Consalvi, S.; Poce, G.; Raguzzini, A.; Toti, E.; Palmery, M.; Biava, M.; Bernardi, M.; Kamal, M.A.; Perry, G.; et al. Dietary flavonoids: Nano delivery and nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2021, 69, 150–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Jia, B.; Yu, D.; Yu, G.; Cheng, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yi, X.; Li, X.; Wang, Y. Naringenin improve hepatitis C virus infection induced insulin resistance by increase PTEN expression via p53-dependent manner. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018, 103, 746–754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Zheng, Y.Y.; Zeng, X.; Peng, W.; Wu, Z.; Su, W.W. Characterisation and classification of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium varieties based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with multivariate statistical analyses. Phytochem. Anal. 2019, 30, 278–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Pinto, C.; Cidade, H.; Pinto, M.; Tiritan, M.E. Chiral Flavonoids as Antitumor Agents. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Chen, Q.; Wang, D.; Tan, C.; Hu, Y.; Sundararajan, B.; Zhou, Z. Profiling of Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Fruit Tissues from 27 Chinese Local Citrus Cultivars. Plants 2020, 9, 196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Long, T.; Tang, Y.; He, Y.-N.; He, C.-L.; Chen, X.; Guo, M.-S.; Wu, J.-M.; Yu, L.; Yu, C.-L.; Law, B.Y.-K.; et al. Citri Reticulatae Semen Extract Promotes Healthy Aging and Neuroprotection via Autophagy Induction in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Gerontol. Ser. A 2022, 77, 2186–2194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Yang, W.; Liu, M.; Chen, B.; Ning, J.; Wang, K.; Cai, Y.; Yang, D.; Zheng, G. Comparative analysis of chemical constituents in Citri Exocarpium Rubrum, Citri Reticulatae Endocarpium Alba, and Citri Fructus Retinervus. Food Sci. Nutr. 2022, 10, 3009–3023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Liu, N.; Li, X.; Zhao, P.; Zhang, X.; Qiao, O.; Huang, L.; Guo, L.; Gao, W. A review of chemical constituents and health-promoting effects of citrus peels. Food Chem. 2021, 365, 130585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Uchiyama, N.; Kim, I.H.; Kawahara, N.; Goda, Y. HPLC separation of hesperidin and the C-2 epimer in commercial hesperidin samples and herbal medicines. Chirality 2005, 17, 373–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Wang, R.-Q.; Ong, T.-T.; Ng, S.-C. Chemically bonded cationic β-cyclodextrin derivatives and their applications in supercritical fluid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1224, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Zátopková, R.; Aturki, Z.; Bednář, P. Stereoisomer separation of flavanones and flavanone-7- O -glycosides by means of nanoliquid chromatography employing derivatized β-cyclodextrins as mobile-phase additive. J. Sep. Sci. 2020, 43, 3382–3390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Yáñez, J.A.; Teng, X.W.; Roupe, K.A.; Davies, N.M. Stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of hesperetin in biological matrices. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2005, 37, 591–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Sun, Y.; Wang, J.; Gu, S.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X. Simultaneous determination of flavonoids in different parts of Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ fruit by high performance liquid chromatography—photodiode array detection. Molecules 2010, 15, 5378–5388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  23. Ha, S.K.; Park, H.-Y.; Eom, H.; Kim, Y.; Choi, I. Narirutin fraction from citrus peels attenuates LPS-stimulated inflammatory response through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPKs activation. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 3498–3504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Tejada, S.; Pinya, S.; Martorell, M.; Capó, X.; Tur, J.A.; Pons, A.; Sureda, A. Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects of Hesperidin from the Genus Citrus. Curr. Med. Chem. 2018, 25, 4929–4945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Krykunov, M.; Kundrat, M.D.; Autschbach, J. Calculation of circular dichroism spectra from optical rotatory dispersion, and vice versa, as complementary tools for theoretical studies of optical activity using time-dependent density functional theory. J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 194110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China; China Medical Science Press: Beijing, China, 2020; Volume 4, pp. 480–483.
  27. Ma, Y.; He, Y.; Yin, T.; Chen, H.; Gao, S.; Hu, M. Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 Cells Can Impact Their Anti-inflammatory efficacy: Indication of Hesperetin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 6042–6052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Molecules 28 00873 g001 550
Figure 1. Simultaneous separation of the stereoisomers of hesperidin and narirutin in commercial standard substances under optimized conditions.
Figure 1. Simultaneous separation of the stereoisomers of hesperidin and narirutin in commercial standard substances under optimized conditions.
Molecules 28 00873 g001
Molecules 28 00873 g002 550
Figure 2. Experimental and calculated ECD spectra of the hesperidin (a) and narirutin (b) epimers.
Figure 2. Experimental and calculated ECD spectra of the hesperidin (a) and narirutin (b) epimers.
Molecules 28 00873 g002
Molecules 28 00873 g003 550
Figure 3. Detection of 2S- and 2R-epimers of hesperidin and narirutin in Chenpi (a) and Qingpi (b) herbs of different origins. HPN: hesperidin; NRT: narirutin.
Figure 3. Detection of 2S- and 2R-epimers of hesperidin and narirutin in Chenpi (a) and Qingpi (b) herbs of different origins. HPN: hesperidin; NRT: narirutin.
Molecules 28 00873 g003
Molecules 28 00873 g004 550
Figure 4. Effects of hesperidin and narirutin epimers on LPS-induced NO production in macrophage cells. (a) Effect of hesperidin isomers on LPS-induced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. (b) Effect of narirutin isomers on LPS-induced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. All data are presented as the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. #### p< 0.0001 vs. Control group. ** p < 0.01 and **** p < 0.001 vs. S-epimer group. ns not statistically significant.
Figure 4. Effects of hesperidin and narirutin epimers on LPS-induced NO production in macrophage cells. (a) Effect of hesperidin isomers on LPS-induced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. (b) Effect of narirutin isomers on LPS-induced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. All data are presented as the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. #### p< 0.0001 vs. Control group. ** p < 0.01 and **** p < 0.001 vs. S-epimer group. ns not statistically significant.
Molecules 28 00873 g004
Table
Table 1. The chemical structures and pKa values of two flavanones.
Table 1. The chemical structures and pKa values of two flavanones.
AnalytesStructurepKa a
NarirutinMolecules 28 00873 i0017.18
HesperidinMolecules 28 00873 i0027.15
*: Chiral center. a: predicted pKa values from SciFinder.
Table
Table 2. Regression equations, linear range for four analytes.
Table 2. Regression equations, linear range for four analytes.
AnalytesCalibration Curves EquationrLinear Range (mg/mL)
2S-narirutinY = 464.4x − 0.79860.99930.0055–0.0442
2R-narirutinY = 443.5x − 1.3040.99940.0097–0.0776
2S-hesperidinY = 456x − 2.8500.99990.0360–0.3598
2R-hesperidinY = 534.7x − 1.6530.99980.0059–0.0330
Table
Table 3. The results of the repeatability, stability, recovery and precision of the four analytes in the samples.
Table 3. The results of the repeatability, stability, recovery and precision of the four analytes in the samples.
AnalytesRecoveryPrecision (RSD%)Stability
(RSD%)
Mean%RSD%Intra-DayInter-Day
n = 6n = 6n = 6n = 6
2S-narirutin101.14.821.870.943.47
2R-narirutin121.94.441.941.341.62
2S-hesperidin107.65.901.680.640.79
2R-hesperidin114.03.963.303.523.93
Table
Table 4. Relative ratio of narirutin and hesperidin C-2 diastereomers in Citrus reticulata Blanco (peels of Chenpi and Qingpi).
Table 4. Relative ratio of narirutin and hesperidin C-2 diastereomers in Citrus reticulata Blanco (peels of Chenpi and Qingpi).
SampleOrigin2S-NRT (%)2S/2R2S-HPN (%)2S/2R
AZhejiang0.8257.5:42.56.8096.0:3.96
BHunan0.4355.2:44.85.9795.7:4.3
CHubei0.6758.9:41.16.1296.1:3.9
DSichuan0.2451.2:48.83.2695.0:5.01
EGuangdong//2.2491.3:8.71
FSichuan1.3875.2:24.88.1898.2:1.85
GZhejiang2.1281.9:18.110.998.1:1.91
HHunan1.8483.0:17.011.398.4:1.64
IJiangxi1.2368.8:31.28.4197.5:2.53
JHubei0.8375.3:24.75.9297.8:2.22
KAnhui0.3665.2:34.85.8196.3:3.66
LGuangdong0.3569.7:30.34.9295.4:4.58
MYunnan0.3762.8:37.24.8897.0:3.0
Samples A–E: Chenpi; F–M: Qingpi; HPN: hesperidin; NRT: narirutin.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Jiang, B.; Cao, S.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Z. Chiral Separation, Configuration Confirmation and Bioactivity Determination of the Stereoisomers of Hesperidin and Narirutin in Citrus reticulata Blanco. Molecules 2023, 28, 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020873

AMA Style

Jiang B, Cao S, Zhang J, Wang Z. Chiral Separation, Configuration Confirmation and Bioactivity Determination of the Stereoisomers of Hesperidin and Narirutin in Citrus reticulata Blanco. Molecules. 2023; 28(2):873. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020873

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiang, Bingtong, Sirong Cao, Jiayu Zhang, and Zhaokun Wang. 2023. "Chiral Separation, Configuration Confirmation and Bioactivity Determination of the Stereoisomers of Hesperidin and Narirutin in Citrus reticulata Blanco" Molecules 28, no. 2: 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020873

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop