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Symmetry
Volume 18
Issue 1
10.3390/sym18010137
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Conjugate Heat Transfer for Power-Law Fluids: Symmetry Breaking Effects of Magnetic Fields and Heat Generation in Inclined Enclosures

by
Mohammad Nemati
1,
Mohammad Saleh Barghi Jahromi
2,
Manasik M. Nour
3,
Amir Safari
4,*,
Mohsen Saffari Pour
5,
Taher Armaghani
6 and
Meisam Babanezhad
6,7
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd 8915818411, Iran
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jiroft, Jiroft 7867155311, Iran
3
Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Science and Industry Systems, University of Southeastern Norway (USN), 3616 Kongsberg, Norway
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-13439, Iran
6
Department of Mechanical Engineering, WT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
7
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Skills (NUS), Tehran 16417-11111, Iran
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Symmetry 2026, 18(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010137
Submission received: 21 October 2025 / Revised: 2 January 2026 / Accepted: 6 January 2026 / Published: 9 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Conjugate heat transfer in non-Newtonian fluids is a fundamental phenomenon in thermal management systems. This study investigates the combined effects of magnetic field topology, heat absorption/generation, the thermal conductivity ratio, enclosure inclination, and power-law rheology using the lattice Boltzmann method. The parametric analysis shows that increasing the heat generation coefficient from −5 to +5 reduces the average Nusselt number by up to 97% for the pseudo-plastic fluids and up to 29% for the Newtonian fluids, while entropy generation increases by 44–86% depending on the thermal conductivity ratio. Increasing the inclination angle from 0° to 90° weakens convection and reduces heat transfer by nearly 77%. Magnetic field strengthening (Ha = 0–45) decreases the Nusselt number by 20–55% depending on the barrier temperature. Among all tested conditions, the highest thermal performance (maximum heat transfer and minimum entropy generation) occurs when using a pseudo-plastic fluid (n = 0.75), exhibiting high wall conductivity (TCR = 50) and heat absorption (HAPC = −5), a cold obstacle (θb = 0), and zero inclination (λ = 0°), as well as in the absence of the magnetic field effects. These quantitative insights highlight the controllability of the conjugate heat transfer and irreversibility in the power-law fluids under coupled magnetothermal conditions.
Keywords: MHD conjugate heat transfer; heat absorption/production; magnetic field; entropy generation; lattice Boltzmann method; power-law model MHD conjugate heat transfer; heat absorption/production; magnetic field; entropy generation; lattice Boltzmann method; power-law model

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nemati, M.; Barghi Jahromi, M.S.; Nour, M.M.; Safari, A.; Saffari Pour, M.; Armaghani, T.; Babanezhad, M. Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Conjugate Heat Transfer for Power-Law Fluids: Symmetry Breaking Effects of Magnetic Fields and Heat Generation in Inclined Enclosures. Symmetry 2026, 18, 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010137

AMA Style

Nemati M, Barghi Jahromi MS, Nour MM, Safari A, Saffari Pour M, Armaghani T, Babanezhad M. Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Conjugate Heat Transfer for Power-Law Fluids: Symmetry Breaking Effects of Magnetic Fields and Heat Generation in Inclined Enclosures. Symmetry. 2026; 18(1):137. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010137

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nemati, Mohammad, Mohammad Saleh Barghi Jahromi, Manasik M. Nour, Amir Safari, Mohsen Saffari Pour, Taher Armaghani, and Meisam Babanezhad. 2026. "Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Conjugate Heat Transfer for Power-Law Fluids: Symmetry Breaking Effects of Magnetic Fields and Heat Generation in Inclined Enclosures" Symmetry 18, no. 1: 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010137

APA Style

Nemati, M., Barghi Jahromi, M. S., Nour, M. M., Safari, A., Saffari Pour, M., Armaghani, T., & Babanezhad, M. (2026). Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Conjugate Heat Transfer for Power-Law Fluids: Symmetry Breaking Effects of Magnetic Fields and Heat Generation in Inclined Enclosures. Symmetry, 18(1), 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010137

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