Joint Security and Energy-Efficient Cooperative Architecture for 5G Underlaying Cellular Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Related Literatures
1.2. Contributions and Paper Organization
- “Low Battery” is a major factor affecting the user’s experience and the energy consumption should be controlled. As a consequence, we design an adaptive cooperative communication architecture for 5G underlaying cellular networks where users in the network can adaptively select a mode among “cellular communication, direct D2D communication and relay-assisted D2D communication” according to its energy consumption requirement.
- Considering the asymmetry of the real social network, the proximity prestige and spreading ability are taken into consideration to improve the security of data transmission.
- A relay selection scheme combing energy consumption, wireless channel quality of the wireless channel between two devices, and security is proposed for relay-assisted D2D communication. Moreover, a quality-of-service (QoS) region can be obtained for the relay selection scheme according to energy consumption, devices’ battery statuses, and the devices’ states.
2. System Model and Assumptions
2.1. System Model
- Cellular Communication. Two UEs communicate with each other through the conventional cellular network, in which they transmit information through the BS. As shown in Figure 1b, communicates with using the cellular communication mode.
- Direct D2D Communication. The source UE transmits information to the destination UE through the direct D2D link without the help of the BS or other UEs. In Figure 1b, and are exchanging messages utilizing the direct D2D communication mode.
- Relay-assisted D2D Communication. Two UEs can send messages to each other directly with the assistance of a relay device selected from their neighboring UEs. Like the second mode, the transmission utilizing this mode can also be accomplished independently without the BS. For instance, is communicating with through this mode in Figure 1b.
2.2. Assumptions
- We assume that all UEs can communicate with others, either through cellular communication or through D2D communication. When a UE is idle, it should switch to D2D mode automatically and be discovered by UEs utilizing relay-assisted D2D communication.
- Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is considered for all UEs in this architecture. In the underlaying cellular network, the uplink (UL) spectrum resources are usually underutilized compared to the downlink (DL) [40]. Consequentially, D2D links in the proposed cooperative communication architecture can reuse the UL spectrum resources in the cellular network.
- The cellular UL frequency spectrum provides a number of orthogonal channels with the same bandwidth. The BS allocates channels for UEs. At most, one D2D link shares one channel with a cellular link and one channel can only be reused by one D2D link at one time.
- Each D2D UE works in full-duplex mode, which means that the UEs can transmit or receive information in the same time slot and frequency band.
- Every UE can be selected as a relay device and it is able to discover and be discovered by other UEs. Only the idle UEs can be selected as relay devices and one D2D transmission can only be assisted by at most one relay. Moreover, the relay devices are assumed to utilize the decode-and-forward (DF) strategy to improve the reliability of a transmission.
- We suppose that the BS is aware of all the required information, including channel coefficients, distances and devices’ battery statuses. When a UE requests one transmission, the states of all UEs in the cell will not change until the end of this communication.
3. Proposed Cooperative Architecture and Performance Analysis
3.1. Definitions
3.1.1. Channel Classification
3.1.2. Channel Allocation Method
- When ,
- When ,
- When , a D2D-priority channel will be selected for the second phase. can be calculated by
- When , a cellular-priority channel will be selected and is obtained by
- When , can be written as
- When ,
- When ,
3.2. Joint Security and Energy-Efficient Cooperative Architecture
3.2.1. Communication Request
3.2.2. Mode Selection
3.2.3. Data Transmission
Algorithm 1 The adaptive D2D communication algorithm |
Input:N, , , , , . |
1: Construct a random network, determine Source S and Destination D. |
Set ={i, and }, calculate , , and |
2: if !=relay-D2D then return “” |
3: else |
4: for i ∈ do |
5: Define a QoS region, obtain candidate relay UEs |
6: end for |
7: Set = |
8: for i ∈ do |
9: Calculate using Equation (24) |
10: end for |
11: Obtain using Equation (25) return “ and ” |
12: end if |
Output: The selected communication mode and relevant parameter values. |
3.3. Performance Analysis
3.3.1. Reuse Probability
3.3.2. Social Network Security Rate
3.3.3. Outage Probability
3.3.4. Throughput
4. Numerical Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
N | Number of users in a single cell |
User density | |
Path-loss exponent | |
Channel coefficient of the channel between i and j | |
Constant | |
Received power | |
Transmit power | |
Constant | |
d | Distance between transmitting UE and receiving UE |
Interference power | |
Noise power | |
The SINR at receiving UE | |
Required minimum SINR | |
Minimum transmit power | |
E | Energy consumption |
t | Transmission duration |
Energy consumption at the receiving UE | |
Proximity prestige of node i | |
Input domain of node i | |
Number of nodes in | |
The shortest path length from node j to i | |
Spreading ability of the edge between i and | |
Number of common neighbors between i and | |
M | Number of orthogonal channels |
Number of D2D-priority channels | |
Number of cellular-priority channels | |
Number of D2D-priority channels used by D2D and cellular UEs | |
Number of cellular-priority channels used by D2D and cellular UEs | |
Channel utilization | |
Equivalent interference power of cellular on D2D communication | |
RP of allocating a channel to D2D UE | |
Equivalent interference power of D2D on cellular communication | |
RP of allocating a channel to cellular UE | |
Equivalent interference power of cellular on D2D communication in the second phase | |
RP of allocating a channel to D2D UE in the second phase | |
Constant | |
Energy consumption of cellular communication | |
Energy consumption of direct D2D communication | |
Energy consumption of relay-assisted D2D with i | |
Transmit power of Source S in cellular communication | |
Transmit power of Source S in direct D2D |
Transmit power of Source S in relay-assisted D2D | |
Transmit power of relay user i | |
Channel coefficient between Source S and BS | |
Channel coefficient between Source S and Destination D | |
Channel coefficient between Source S and relay user i | |
Channel coefficient between relay i and Destination D | |
Transmitting duration in Source S to BS communication | |
Transmitting duration in Source S to Destination D communication | |
Transmitting duration in Source S to relay user i communication | |
Transmitting duration in relay user i to Destination D communication | |
Geographical distance between Source S and BS | |
Geographical distance between Source S and Destination D | |
Geographical distance between Source S and relay user i | |
Geographical distance between relay i and Destination D | |
Constant | |
Constant | |
Constant | |
Location of Source S | |
Location of Destination D | |
Location of the relay device i | |
Constant | |
Number of relay nodes in QoS region | |
The minimum threshold of “Low Battery” | |
Constant | |
CPSA of node i relative to | |
CPSA of node i relative to Source S | |
CECS of node i | |
Weight of energy consumption | |
Weight of CPSA | |
The selected relay node | |
Equivalent energy consumption of D2D-assisted communication with relay device i | |
RP of randomly allocating a channel to D2D UE | |
RP of randomly allocating a channel to cellular UE | |
Malicious spreading probability of i relative to Source S | |
Successful decoding probability of i relative to Source S | |
Secure transmission probability of i relative to Source S | |
Outage probability of i relative to Source S | |
Outage probability of the first phase for relay-assisted D2D communication | |
Outage probability of the second phase for relay-assisted D2D communication | |
Minimum transmitting rate | |
Outage probability of cellular communication | |
Outage probability of direct D2D communication | |
Outage probability of relay-assisted D2D communication | |
The ith transmission pair | |
Throughput of one cell at | |
Throughput of relay-assisted D2D with at | |
Throughput of cellular communication at | |
Throughput of direct D2D communication at |
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Guo, L.; Zhu, Z.; Lau, F.C.M.; Zhao, Y.; Yu, H. Joint Security and Energy-Efficient Cooperative Architecture for 5G Underlaying Cellular Networks. Symmetry 2022, 14, 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14061160
Guo L, Zhu Z, Lau FCM, Zhao Y, Yu H. Joint Security and Energy-Efficient Cooperative Architecture for 5G Underlaying Cellular Networks. Symmetry. 2022; 14(6):1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14061160
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Li, Zhiliang Zhu, Francis C. M. Lau, Yuli Zhao, and Hai Yu. 2022. "Joint Security and Energy-Efficient Cooperative Architecture for 5G Underlaying Cellular Networks" Symmetry 14, no. 6: 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14061160
APA StyleGuo, L., Zhu, Z., Lau, F. C. M., Zhao, Y., & Yu, H. (2022). Joint Security and Energy-Efficient Cooperative Architecture for 5G Underlaying Cellular Networks. Symmetry, 14(6), 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14061160