Abstract
In this paper, we consider a new type of Proinov contraction on the setting of a symmetrical abstract structure, more precisely, the metric space. Our goal is to expand on some results from the literature using admissible mappings and the concept of E-contraction. The considered examples indicate the validity of the obtained results.
1. Introduction and Preliminaries
Fixed point theory is one of the most dynamic research topics of the last two decades. New and interesting results are obtained, following especially two directions: changing the frame (the structure of the abstract space—e.g., b-metric, delta symmetric quasi-metric or non-symmetric metric space, etc.) or changing the property of the operators.
The notion of E-contraction was introduced by Fulga and Proca [1]. Later, this concept has been improved by several authors, e.g., [2,3,4]. Undoubtedly, one of the most interesting, most original, most impressive fixed point theorem published in the last two decades is the result of Proinov [5]. By using certain auxiliary functions, Proinov [5] obtained interesting fixed point theorems that generalize, extend, and unify several recent fixed point results in the literature.
In this paper, we shall propose a new type of contraction, namely, Proinov type E-contraction, which combines the Proinov approach and the E-contraction setting.
First, we recall the basic results and definitions.
Definition 1.
Let be a metric space and the functions . A mapping is said to be a Proinov type contraction if
for all with
Theorem 1
([5]). Let be a complete metric space and be a Proinov type contraction, where the functions are such that the following conditions are satisfied:
- (1)
- ϑ is non-decreasing;
- (2)
- for any ;
- (3)
- for any
then admits a unique fixed point.
Definition 2.
Let be a metric space and the functions . A mapping is said to be a generalized Proinov type contraction if
for all with
Theorem 2
([5]). Let be a complete metric space and be a generalized Proinov type contraction, where the functions are such that the following conditions are satisfied:
- (1)
- ϑ is non-decreasing and for any ;
- (2)
- , for any ;
- (3)
- for any
Then admits a unique fixed point.
Remark 1.
Notice that in [5], the author did not put the completeness assumption of the metric space; but, he used in the proof.
Lemma 1
([5]). Let be a sequence in a metric space such that as . If the sequence is not Cauchy, then there exist and the subsequences and of positive integers such that
In 2012, Karapinar–Samet proposed [6] generalized -contraction. In this consideration, the role of admissible mapping is to combine the problem of fixed point of “cyclic contractions” with the same problem in the framework of metric spaces endowed with a“partially ordered set”, see, e.g., [7,8,9,10,11,12]. Later, this notion is refined by Popescu [13]. Let be a metric space, be a mapping and a given mapping . We say that is triangular α-orbital admissible (on short -t.o.a.) [13] if the following two conditions are satisfied
- (o)
- ⇒ for any ;
- ()
- and ⇒ for any .
Lemma 2
([13]). Let be a sequence on a non-empty set defined by for any , where is an α-t.o.a.mapping. If there exists such that , then , for all .
2. Main Results
Throughout this section, we will consider that are two functions such that
- for all
- and
Definition 3.
A mapping on a complete metric space is a-E contractionif the inequality
holds for every distinct such that , where
Theorem 3.
Let be a complete metric space and be a -E contraction such that:
- ϑ is lower semi-continuous and non-decreasing;
- for any
- T is α-t.o.a. and there exists such that ;
- for any sequence such that and , for any .
Then, possesses a fixed point.
Proof.
Let be the sequence in defined as , for any , where is an arbitrary fixed point in such that . We can assume that for every , because, on the contrary, if we can find such that , due to the definition of the sequence we have , which means . Therefore, letting and in (4), using and taking Lemma 2 into account, we have
where
Therefore, by , we get
so that, the sequence is a decreasing and bounded below by 0. Thus, we can find , such that . Thus, and we claim that, in fact, . Supposing on the contrary, that , letting in the first part of (6), we have
but this contradicts the assumption . Consequently, , that is
Supposing that is not a Cauchy sequence, from Lemma 1, we can find two subsequences , of the sequence such that (3) hold. Thus, setting , respectively , and taking (10), (3) into account, we have
Therefore, applying (4) for and , and using Lemma 2, we get
Thereupon, considering the limit superior in the above inequality, we have
which contradicts . Consequently, is a Cauchy sequence on a complete metric space, which guarantees that is a convergent sequence. Denoting by the limit of this sequence, we will show that under the assumption this point is a fixed point for the mapping . Indeed, if not, then we have
If for infinitely many values of m, then (12) becomes as , so, .
If , for any , the relation (4) becomes
(here, we used ), where
for m sufficiently large. (Here, we took into account and as .) Thus, letting in (13) and keeping in mind the lower-semicontinuity of , we obtain
which is a contradiction. Then, .
□
Theorem 4.
Adding the condition
- , for any
to the hypotheses of Theorem 3, one obtains uniqueness of the fixed point.
Proof.
Supposing that is such that , by (4) we have
which is a contradiction. Therefore, .
□
Example 1.
Let the set , , where , , and with are the corners of the regular octagon with a circumradius of . Let , where for any , . Let, also, the mapping be defined as
First of all, we can remark that neither Theorem 1, nor Theorem 2 cannot be applied, because letting, for example, and , we have
and
Now, we consider the following functions:
where , and . We can easily see that the assumptions – hold. Thus, we have to prove that the mapping is an -E contraction. So, consider the following cases:
- , ,and
- , ,and
- , ,and
- , ,and
- ,
0 0 0 5.656854249 5.303300859 5.357568053 7.39103626 6.929096494 7.628531495 8 7.5 9.145940754 7.39103626 6.929096494 9.678784027 5.56854249 5.303300859 9.145940754 3.061467459 2.870125743 7.628531495 0 0 5.357568053
Therefore, the mapping has a unique fixed point, that is .
Corollary 1.
Let be a complete metric space and be a mapping such that
holds for every distinct , such that , where
and . Suppose that:
- for all ;
- ϑ lower semi-continuous and non-decreasing;
- for any
Then, possesses a unique fixed point.
Proof.
Let in Theorem 3. □
Corollary 2.
On a complete metric space let be a mapping such that
holds for every distinct with , where is defined by (15), and is left-continuous and non-decreasing. Then possesses a unique fixed point.
Proof.
Let in Corollary 1. □
Definition 4.
A mapping on a complete metric space is a--contraction if the inequality
holds for every distinct , such that , where
Theorem 5.
Let be a complete metric space and be a - contraction such that
- ϑ is lower semi-continuous and non-decreasing;
- for any
- is α-t.o.a. and there exists , such that ;
- is continuous and for any .
Then, possesses a fixed point.
Proof.
Let be a point such that and the sequence in , where , for any . Since is -t.o.a., by Lemma 2, we get , for any and then
Furthermore, the monotonicity of implies that
where
If for some , then and (20) turns into
which is a contradiction. If , then we have and by (20) we get
for every . Therefore,
Thus, the sequence is strictly decreasing and bounded below by 0. Hence, there exist such that . Suppose that . Since , letting the limit superior in (19), as and taking into account, we obtain
which is a contradiction. Therefore,
and we claim that, in these conditions, the sequence is Cauchy. If not, from Lemma 1 we can find and two subsequences and of , such that the equalities in (3), hold. Moreover, we remark that
and then, using (21) we get . On the other hand, letting in the below inequality
we find that . Replacing in (17), by and by , and since, by Lemma 2, , we obtain
Thus,
which contradicts . Consequently, is a Cauchy sequence on a complete metric space, so that, there exists , such that . We claim that is a fixed point of , under the assumptions .
Now, since is continuous, we have
and then, we derive that . By reductio ad absurdum, we assume that Thus, by (17), and keeping in mind and , we have
which is a contradiction. Therefore, , so that, is a fixed point of .
□
Theorem 6.
Adding the condition
- , for any
to the hypotheses of Theorem 5, one obtains uniqueness of the fixed point.
Proof.
In order to prove the uniqueness of the fixed point, we suppose, by reductio ad absurdum, that there exists such that . Then, by (17) and we obtain
which is a contradiction. Therefore, the mapping possesses a unique fixed point. □
Remark 2.
In case of the mapping T is continuous, we get the same result without the assumption .
Example 2.
Let the set be endowed with the usual metric, , and a mapping defined as
Assume that are two functions such that ϑ is non-decreasing and , for any . First of all, we remark that, taking and ,we have
Thus,
- which is a contradiction, so, Theorem 1 can not be applied.
- which is a contradiction. Therefore, Theorem 2 can not be used.
- Sincethe inequality (4) becomeswhich is again a contradiction (for any function ). Thus, Theorem 3 can not be used.
However, we have , so that, is continuous. Let be the function defined as follows:
In this case, it is easy to check that the assumptions and hold. Let be two functions such that and are satisfied, for example and . We show that, the mapping is a - contraction.
- 1.
- If and , sincewe have
- 2.
- If , sincewe getTherefore, by Theorem 5, the mapping T has a unique fixed point, this being .
Corollary 3.
Let be a complete metric space and be a mapping, such that
holds for every distinct with , where
and . Suppose that:
- for all ;
- ϑ is lower semi-continuous and non-decreasing;
- for any ;
- is continuous.
Then, possesses a unique fixed point.
Proof.
Let in Theorem 5. □
Corollary 4.
On a complete metric space let be a mapping, such that
holds for every distinct with , where
κ in (0, 1) and is left-continuous and non-decreasing. If is continuous, then possesses a unique fixed point.
Proof.
Let in Corollary 3. □
Remark 3.
We mention that a series of known results can be found through a convenient choices of functions α, ϑ and θ. For example, by choosing , and , where is such that for any , Theorem 3 reduces to the main Theorem in [1].
Author Contributions
Writing—review and editing: M.A.A., S.G.-O., A.F. All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
We declare that funding is not applicable for our paper.
Data Availability Statement
No data were used to support this study.
Acknowledgments
The authors thanks anonymous referees for their remarkable comments, suggestions, and ideas that help to improve this paper.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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