Adaptive Partial Image Secret Sharing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preliminaries
2.1. Salience Detection
- Cluster the image into clusters, such as .
- For each cluster, compute the contrast cue and spatial cue and combine the two saliency cues by multiplication. Herein, the contrast cue can represent the visual feature uniqueness and the contrast operator can simulate the human visual receptive fields; spatial cue is considered because of the “central bias rule” in single image saliency detection, also known as, the regions near the image center draw more attention than the other regions in human visual system.
- For each pixel, obtain the final saliency map by summing the joint saliency over all clusters.
2.2. Image Inpainting
- Select a target part to be inpainted, and , where S indicates the whole image.
- Determine the size of the template window by using the image texture feature, denoted by , where any denotes the center of the template window. In addition, the size of the window should be larger than the largest texture element.
- Calculate patch priorities by using Equation (1), i.e., the product of the data term and the confidence term.The data term represents the difference between the direction of isophote and the direction of the normal vector. In the template window the confidence term is used to measure the amount of reliable information. In other words, if the difference between the normal vector direction and the isophote direction is smaller and the information contained in the template window is greater, the priority of patch will be higher.
- Find according to Equation (4), and the block with the highest matching in the source image with the template window as specified in Equation (5), where the sum of squared differences (SSD) is utilized as the evaluation standard. Finally, the highest matching block replaces the patch of the current window.
- For any , after each filling process, renew the confidence terms .
- Repeat the above steps 3–5 until the image is inpainted completely.
2.3. Linear Congruence-Based Iss
3. The Introduced Apiss Scheme
- In Step 1, the salient part is adaptively detected and removed by salience detection method and Otsu’s threshold operation, thus the introduced scheme can achieve automatic processing. Moreover, the salient target part may include a single object or multiple objects.
- In Step 3, each share has its own filling order, i.e., . To inpaint synchronously, the highest priority is selected from the n candidate orders as the the adopted order for all of the n shares.
Algorithm 1: The introduced APISS scheme for the threshold. Input: The threshold parameters and a color secret image S with size .
Output: n color shares .- Step 1:
- Utilize salience detection method on S and Otsu’s threshold operation to automatically obtain the target part . Remove with green color from S to obtain , for , where denotes the input un-inpainted cover image.
- Step 2:
- Use the method in Section 2.2 to determine the size of the template window, denoted by .
- Step 3:
- For each share, find with Equation (4). Find , and let , .
- Step 4:
- For each cover image, by using and Equation (5), search for the most matching block to gain , and then, replace the patch of the current window by the most matching block, for .
- Step 5:
- For each position , where and denote the coordinates of the current processing template window, repeat Step 6.
- Step 6:
- For the input of , use LC-based ISS for threshold to encrypt to output updated , where are least modified to satisfy the requirement of LC-based ISS.
- Step 7:
- Renew the confidence terms after each filling process for any , .
- Step 8:
- Repeat Steps 3–7 until each cover image is completely inpainted.
- Step 9:
- Output n shares .
- In Step 6, the values of are updated in the processing of encrypting by LC-based ISS.
- After the patch of the current window for each share is replaced by the most matching block in Step 4, the secret block of the current window is encrypted into n corresponding updated blocks with close values based on LC-based ISS to replace the patch of the current window in Step 4. Then, the modified patches of the current window for each share will be the basis for the next subsequent inpainting processing. Although the ISS sharing processing will introduce slight modification into the shares, the already inpainted block with the slight noise will be the input of the next inpainting round. Based on the current input, the next order and the most matching block will be selected. In such a way, meaningful shares can be obtained in a visually plausible way.
4. Experimental Results and Analyses
4.1. Image Illustration
- The target part is automatically and adaptively detected, and then is successfully inpainted into the visually plausible shares.
- Each share looks reasonable to the human eye, and thus is meaningful.
- We cannot decrypt the secret when any shares are collected; when any or more shares are collected, the secret image is progressively decrypted; when all the n shares are collected, the secret image is losslessly decrypted.
- An APISS for the threshold is achieved by the introduced scheme.
4.2. Image Quality
4.3. Comparisons with Related Schemes
- Yan et al.’s scheme needs to select the target part manually, which is human-exhausted, especially for the target with irregular shape, and is therefore not suitable for batch processing. However, our scheme automatically and adaptively detects and removes the secret target part, which is thus suitable for the processing of large-scale images.
- The selected target part of our scheme is less precise than that of Yan et al.’s scheme, because they select the target part manually. This weakness of our scheme can be enhanced through combining salience detection and object segmentation.
4.4. Extensions and Discussions
- The important information of the input image can be selected by other techniques according to practical requirements, such as edge detection and object segmentation.
- Salience detection on multiple secret images with close content can be utilized to improve the salience detection accuracy.
- Some other inpainting methods, such as the PDE-based method, can also be applied to the introduced scheme.
- We can adopt different ISS schemes, different filling order selection methods, or different threshold extension methods to achieve different features.
- Our method can be applied to grayscale image. If a binary image inpainting algorithm is employed, our method may be applied to binary image as well.
- We can use more images to test the scheme. The advantage of adaptive PISS and the effectiveness of saliency detection are dependent on the adopted saliency detection algorithm if the images have multiple objects or more complex background.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Threshold (k,n) | PSNR | SSIM |
---|---|---|
(2,2) | 20.7750 | 0.8396 |
(2,3) | 20.9817 | 0.8510 |
(3,3) | 22.3658 | 0.8939 |
(2,4) | 20.8117 | 0.8376 |
(3,4) | 22.5924 | 0.8958 |
(4,4) | 24.1274 | 0.9153 |
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Yan, X.; Sun, L.; Lu, Y.; Yang, G. Adaptive Partial Image Secret Sharing. Symmetry 2020, 12, 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12050703
Yan X, Sun L, Lu Y, Yang G. Adaptive Partial Image Secret Sharing. Symmetry. 2020; 12(5):703. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12050703
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Xuehu, Lei Sun, Yuliang Lu, and Guozheng Yang. 2020. "Adaptive Partial Image Secret Sharing" Symmetry 12, no. 5: 703. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12050703