Next Article in Journal
On the Effectiveness of Using Elitist Genetic Algorithm in Mutation Testing
Previous Article in Journal
Visual Analysis of the Newton’s Method with Fractional Order Derivatives
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Symmetry
Volume 11
Issue 9
10.3390/sym11091144
symmetry-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Effect of Nano-Materials on Autogenous Shrinkage Properties of Cement Based Materials

by
Xiaoyan Liu
1,
Tingchen Fang
2,* and
Junqing Zuo
2,3,*
1
College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
2
Engineering General Institute, Shanghai Construction Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200080, China
3
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Mega Structure High Performance Concrete, Shanghai 201114, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Symmetry 2019, 11(9), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091144
Submission received: 29 July 2019 / Revised: 22 August 2019 / Accepted: 3 September 2019 / Published: 9 September 2019
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of nano-montmorillonite, carbon nanotubes, and nano calcium carbonate on autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials. Cement paste with different nano-montmorillonite dosage (1.0 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 3.0 wt.%), carbon nanotubes dosage (0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%), and nano calcium carbonate dosage (1.0 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 3.0 wt.%) were compared with the reference group to assess the effects of nano-materials on cement paste. Results show that autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials containing nano-materials mainly occurs in the first 72 h. Nano-materials decrease the autogenous shrinkage of the investigated cement based materials at all ages. Compared with that of the reference group at the age of 168 h, the autogenous shrinkage of NM-modified cement based composites containing 3.0 wt.% NM decreased by as much as 57.4%; the autogenous shrinkage of CNTs-modified cement based composites containing 0.3 wt.% CNTs decreased by as much as 19.4%; the autogenous shrinkage of NC-modified cement based composites containing 2.0 wt.% NC decreased by as much as 17.1%. Electrochemical AC (Alternating Current) impedance spectroscopy results show that the resistance of the pore solution electrolyte of specimens containing nano-materials increases with age, and is less than that of specimens without nano-materials, which illustrates that the pore size of nano-modified cement based material is finer and autogenous shrinkage is smaller. Scanning electron microscope results show that the structure of cement matrix is denser with more hydration products by adding nano-materials. Nano-montmorillonite releases water to reduce self-drying effect during the process of hydration for its well water swelling. Carbon nanotubes have the nanometer filling effect and form a continuous network to restrain the early autogenous shrinkage of cement paste. Nano calcium carbonate not only decreases the porosity of the cement paste, but also reacts with tricalcium aluminate to generate the expanded product calcium carboaluminate for compensating autogenous shrinkage of cement paste.

1. Introduction

Concrete cracking induced by shrinkage has always been considered as a major concern of concrete durability and structural safety control. In recent years, high strength concrete has been widely used in practical engineering [1]. Prior studies have shown that autogenous shrinkage is the primary factor leading to the cracking of high strength concrete. Autogenous shrinkage is defined as the unrestricted volumetric deformation of concrete without loss of mass and moisture under the condition of constant temperature and sealing [2,3,4]. Autogenous shrinkage is mainly attributed to chemical reaction and self-drying. The chemical shrinkage occurs when the total volume of hydration products is less than that of the reactants. After the structural skeleton of the cement paste is formed by hydration, the chemical shrinkage results in an air water interface in the matrix [5,6]. The internal relative humidity of the cement paste continues to decrease and the internal holes appear, resulting in the tensile stress and self-drying shrinkage [7,8,9].
Due to the nano-hydrated seed crystal effect, filling effect, etc., nanomaterials can be positive additives for cement based materials to improve the microstructure and restrict the autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials. Wang et al. [10] investigated the effect of nano-SiO2 on the shrinkage and early cracking sensitivity of lightweight aggregate concrete. They found that when the nano-SiO2 dosages increase from 1% to 3% by mass of the total binders, the total cracking area was decreased at early age. And, the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between lightweight aggregate and paste was enhanced with 3% nano-SiO2 addition. Polat et al. [11] reported that with the increases of nano-MgO content, the values of shrinkage of high performance cement materials decreased. Nano-MgO reduced the linear autogenous shrinkage by 53%, 56%, and 80%, respectively, when 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% nano-MgO, respectively, by weight of binder were used in mortar. Lim et al. [12] studied the influence of carbon nanofibers on the autogenous shrinkage and strength of ultra-high performance concrete. Results showed that homogeneously dispersed carbon nanofibers increased the compressive strength and compensated the autogenous shrinkage of ultra-high performance concrete, owing to that carbon nanofibers were capable of providing nano-bridges in the cement matrix. Norhasri [13] discussed on nano materials in concrete. Carbon nanotubes have the advantage of enhancing the flexibility and the strength of ultra-high performance concrete. Feneuil et al. [14] reported that the addition of nanomaterials accelerated the hydration processes especially in the early stages of hydration. And a reduction of the autogenous shrinkage by 50% for pastes containing small amounts (0.01 wt.%) of nanomaterials. However, Kim et al. [15] found that CNT addition inhibited the hydration reaction at an early stage of curing, thereby reducing the autogenous shrinkage of the pastes and mortars.
In this work, three different nanomaterials of nano-montmorillonite (NM), Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nano calcium carbonate (NC) were used to study the influence on the autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials via the corrugated pipe method. The mechanisms of the effect of nanomaterials on the autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and microstructural analysis.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Raw Materials and Sample Fabrication

Nanomaterials used in this experiment were nano-montmorillonite, carbon nanotubes (surface-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes with carboxyl groups), and nano calcium carbonate. Physical properties of these three nanomaterials are shown in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3. Other materials used in this experiment were alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (dispersing agent), tributyl phosphate (defoamer), cement (P·II 42.5R type), silica fume, and deionized water. The physical properties of cement and silica fume are shown in Table 4 and Table 5. Water to cement ratio is 0.3. The cement based materials filled with varied nanomaterials were prepared. The NM additions were 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0% by mass of cement and are denoted as CPNM1, CPNM2, and CPNM3, respectively. The CNTs additions were 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% by mass of cement and are denoted as CPCNTs01, CPCNTs02, and CPCNTs03, respectively. The NC additions were 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0% by mass of cement and are denoted as CPNC1, CPNC2, and CPNC3, respectively. The reference group was labelled as CP.
Nanomaterials (NM or CNTs or NC) were firstly added into a beaker dosed with dispersing agent (1:1 by weight with nanomaterials) and 1/2 dosage of water gross amount, and then stirred at the speed of 800 r/min with a magnetic stirring apparatus for approximately 15 min, followed by ultrasonic treatment for 45 min. Thereafter, cement, silica fume, defoamer, 0.5 remaining water, and the nanomaterials water admixture were added in a rotary mixer for 5 min. Then, cement pastes with nano-material addition were cast.

2.2. Testing

The autogenous shrinkage of nano-modified cement pastes was measured by using the corrugated pipe method, which follows ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) C 1698-09 [17]. Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of the experimental setup used for the measurement. Firstly, one end of the tube was closed with an end plug, and then the paste was poured into the corrugated pipe. The tube was subsequently closed with the other plug after the pouring. Then, the corrugated pipe filled with cement paste was placed on an autogenous shrinkage testing device. The test set was kept in an ambient condition of 20 °C and 50% relative humidity (RH). The duration of the test was 168 h. The readings were recorded every 30 min for the first 12 h, every 2 h from 12 to 72 h, and every 6 h from 72 h to the end.
Samples with a size of 20 mm × 20 mm × 80 mm were fabricated and then vibrated for compaction. Four stainless steel mesh electrodes were embedded perpendicular to the length of the specimen and were symmetrical with respect to the midpoint along the length of the specimen. All samples were then covered and sealed with a plastic bag and demolded after 24 h curing in the standard curing chamber (20 °C, RH 50%). Then, the samples were cured (consistent with the autogenous shrinkage curing condition) to a certain age, and the electrochemical impedance spectra of the samples were measured by the quadrupole method. In this paper, the EIS measurements were investigated using a Princeton PARSTAT 2273 electrochemical workstation with a frequency range of 1 Hz to 105 Hz, and the corresponding electrochemical parameters were analyzed using ZSimpWin software. At the same time, the specimens were used for scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction tests.
Safety should be considered when dealing with nanomaterials [18]. During the sample preparation, protective measures were taken to avoid the body being touched by the nanoparticles. During the test of shrinkage, it was much better because the materials were sealed in the corrugated pipe.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Autogenous Shrinkage Performance

Figure 2 shows the changes of autogenous shrinkage strain of the nano-montmorillonite cement based materials and reference group samples with age. It can be seen from Figure 2 that the autogenous shrinkage of CP without nano-material can be divided into four different stages according to the development trend. During the rapid growth period (I), the cement paste changed from plastic state to solid state. Before the initial coagulation, the volume shrinkage caused by the cement hydration basically appeared to be decreased by the apparent volume due to the lack of sufficient frame strength to constrain volume deformation. After the initial coagulation, the rate of hydration reaction was accelerated. The self-drying effect led to the increase of capillary pressure, while the overall strength of the paste began to develop which has weak restraint on the apparent volume deformation. Thus the autogenous shrinkage of the cement pastes presented a fast growth trend. In the expansion period (II), the autogenous shrinkage appears to dropped temporarily from point A. As the hydration reaction continued, the moisture in the cement paste was continuously consumed. The self-drying effect was strengthened so that the autogenous shrinkage began to rise to the next stage slowly at point B. The expansion at this stage may be ascribed to cement hydration which leads to an increase in the internal temperature causing the paste to expand [19]. In the slow growth period (III), the formation of the hardened cement paste skeleton has a certain inhibitory effect on the deformation of the apparent volume due to the gradual slowdown of the hydration reaction of the paste, resulting in a significant decrease of the autogenous shrinkage rate. In the relatively stable period (IV), the stiffness of the matrix was constantly enhanced due to the further weakened hydration reaction, which played a significant role in restraining the volume deformation. As a result, the volume stability was improved and the autogenous shrinkage showed a slight increase with age. Samples doped with nano-montmorillonite have the similar development law of autogenous shrinkage with that of reference group samples.
As can be seen from Figure 2, the autogenous shrinkage of each specimen mainly occurred in the first 72 h. The autogenous shrinkage of CP, CPNM1, CPNM2 and CPNM3 at the age of 72 h accounts for 86.6%, 78.1%, 81.3% and 74.8% of the total autogenous shrinkage at the age of 168 h, respectively. Compared with the CP group, the autogenous shrinkage of the specimen CPNM1, CPNM2 and CPNM3 is decreased by 23.0%, 48.9% and 57.4% respectively, at the age of 168 h. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of NM into cement based materials has a significant improvement on the autogenous shrinkage of cement paste. The greater the amount of NM, the more obvious the improvement. This phenomenon attributes to the water swelling characteristic of NM itself. The interlayer water of cement paste can play the role of internal curing and relieve the self-drying effect. The self-expansion effect caused by the hydration reaction of conservation water compensated for partial shrinkage. Under the condition of the same chemical shrinkage, which caused by hydration of cement, the self-expansion effect can compensate for partial shrinkage of the volume which caused by chemical shrinkage in the early age of hydration due to the cement hydration of interlayer water, which results in a decrease of autogenous shrinkage [20,21].
The autogenous shrinkage strain of CNTs-modified cement based materials and the reference group specimens changed with age as shown in Figure 3. The tendency of autogenous shrinkage of each specimen is similar to that of NM-modified cement based materials. The autogenous shrinkage mainly happened in the first 72 h period. The autogenous shrinkage of CPCNTs01, CPCNTs02 and CPCNTs03 at the age of 72 h accounts for 84.7%, 90.5%, and 89.8% of the total autogenous shrinkage at the age of 168 h, respectively. The decrease of shrinkage of CNTs-modified cement based materials in the expansion stage (II) caused by temperature rise is smaller than that of CP, which may be related to the excellent thermal conductivity of CNTs. When CNTs are uniformly dispersed in the matrix, they can dissipate the heat generated by the cement hydration to the environment, which narrow the temperature difference between cement based materials and the environment. As a result, the expansion due to the temperature rise is reduced. The autogenous shrinkage of CPCNTs01, CPCNTs02 and CPCNTs03 was reduced by 11.9%, 17.9%, and 19.4%, respectively, comparing with the reference group. This indicates that with the increase of the amount of CNTs, the decrease of autogenous shrinkage is increased, but the effect is not obvious. The uniform incorporation of CNTs in cement based materials can significantly reduce the number of pores in the matrix, especially the number of small pores, so as to reduce the capillary pressure [22,23]. On the other hand, the structure of the skeleton network formed by uniformly dispersed CNTs in the matrix can inhibit the autogenous shrinkage of the cement based materials [24,25].
The changes of the autogenous shrinkage strain of the nano-CaCO3 cement based materials and reference group samples over time were shown in Figure 4. After the incorporation of NC, with the development stages of autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials can also be divided into four stages. NC has little effect on autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials in the rapid growth stage (I). The autogenous shrinkage of CPNC1, CPNC2 and CPNC3 specimens is decreased by 8.6%, 17.1% and 5.8% respectively, compared with CP group at the age of 168 h. The results show that the incorporation of NC reduced the autogenous shrinkage of the paste. With the increase of the content of NC, the reduction of autogenous shrinkage increased firstly and then decreased, but the effect was not obvious. The effect of NC on cement based materials is due to the fact that NC could increase the content of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) in cement paste and improve the alignment of calcium hydroxide (CH), so that the interface structure gradually transitioned from plane to space to improve the interface performance. The non-directional arrangement of CH occupied more space, exhibiting a reduction of autogenous shrinkage [26]. On the other hand, the addition of NC produced a single-carbon type C3A·CaCO3·11H2O, which has some expansibility to compensate for the autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials. When the content of NC increased to 3.0 wt.%, the reduction of autogenous shrinkage decreased. The possible reason is that the specific surface area of NC is large. As the NC content increases, the probability of NC particles’ agglomeration raises. It leads to nonuniform dispersion of NC in the matrix, increasing the air void content in cement paste, which weakens inhibitory effect of NC on the autogenous shrinkage of cement paste [27].
Table 6 shows the final shrinkage strain values of cement based materials with different nanomaterials. In general, the value of the shrinkage strain for cement pastes containing nano-materials from small to large as follows: NM-modified cement based composites, CNTs-modified cement based composites, NC-modified cement based composites. This means the effect of nano-montmorillonite on autogenous shrinkage of cement paste is the most obvious, followed by carbon nanotubes then nano calcium carbonate. Nano-montmorillonite releases water to reduce the self-drying effect during the process of hydration for its well water swelling. The self-expansion effect caused by hydration reaction of conservation water compensated for partial shrinkage, which results in a decrease of autogenous shrinkage. Carbon nanotubes have the nanometer filling effect and form continuous network to restrain the early autogenous shrinkage of cement paste. Nano calcium carbonate not only decreases the porosity of the cement paste, but also reacts with tricalcium aluminate to generate the expanded product calcium carboaluminate for compensating autogenous shrinkage of cement paste. However, with the increase of the content of Nano calcium carbonate, the reduction of autogenous shrinkage decreased, which is owing to the nonuniform dispersion of Nano calcium carbonate at higher concentration in the matrix. Nano calcium carbonate at higher concentration appears poorly dispersed, forming agglomerates and bundles, which increases the air void content in cement paste and weakens inhibitory effect on the autogenous shrinkage of cement paste.

3.2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

The Nyquist diagrams of samples CP, CPNM2, CPCNTs03 and CPNC2 at different ages were shown in Figure 5. The value of the intersection point of the arc and the real axis in the Nyquist diagram reflect the value of pore solution resistance Rs. It can be seen from Figure 5 that the value of the solution resistance Rs changes from small to large as follows: CPNM2, CPCNTs03, CPNC2 and CP. It can also be seen from Figure 5 that the intersection point of the circular arc and the real axis of Nyquist diagram of each sample moves from left to right as the age increases, which illustrates that Rs is increasing [28,29]. And, the changes of the moving distance from 24 h to 72 h are larger than that from 72 h to 168 h, which indicated that the internal structure of the paste changes more in the early age. This is consistent with the autogenous shrinkage changes in Section 3.1. The resistance of electrolyte in the pore solution represents the conductivity and porosity of the pore solution ions in the matrix. With the development of hydration process, the total amount of Na+, K+ and OH− ions and other ions in the pore solution decreased and the resistance of pore solution electrolyte Rs increased. The autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials due to self-drying results in an increase in the degree of unsaturation of the pore solution as the hydration progresses. The porosity and pore structure of the material changed, and the internal pore size was refined. The compactness of the cement paste was improved by hydration products and also by the filling effect of nanomaterials [30]. Therefore, the smaller the Rs value of cement based material modified with nano-materials, the smaller the autogenous shrinkage is.
The equivalent circuit diagram shown in Figure 6 is used to fit the EIS data by using ZSimpWin software. Rs represents electrolyte resistance of cement pastes pore solution, which is conversely proportional to the porosity and ion concentration. Rct represents charge transfer resistance and Q represents constant phase element. The Rs values simulated by ZSimpWin are shown in Table 7. It can be seen from the data that Rs values of CP group without adding nanometer materials were greater than other groups adding nanomaterials at all ages. The Rs values of CPNM2 samples are less than that of CP samples due to the internal curing effect caused by water swelling of nano-montmorillonite, which compensated for the shrinkage of cement based materials to a certain extent. The Rs value of CPCNTs03 sample decreases, which means that autogenous shrinkage of CPCNTs03 sample decreases accordingly. This could be owing to that the structure of the skeleton network formed by the uniformly mixed CNTs can restrain the autogenous shrinkage stress and the effect nano-packing of CNTs can reduce the shrinkage of the cement paste. The change of the Rs value of CPNC2 group is related to the shrinkage of cement based material due to its swelling product C3A·CaCO3·11H2O generated in the process of cement hydration. At the same age, Rs values of CPCNTs03 group are greater than that of CPNM2 group, and less than that of CPNC2 group. The influence mechanisms of nanomaterials on the autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials and the Rs value of each group are in accordance with the laws shown in Nyquist diagram, which further validates the accuracy of Rs value variation law using Nyquist diagram of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy [31].

3.3. Microstructure Analysis

Figure 7a displays the microstructure of the cement paste, and Figure 7b–d show the morphology of cement based materials with NM, CNTs, and NC, respectively. As shown in Figure 7a, the hydration products are mainly CSH gel, which are cross-linked into the paste. As can be seen from Figure 7b, the major hydration products with the addition of NM are CSH gel and Aft. They are relatively dispersed and the CSH is mostly in the form of flocculent gel. As presented in Figure 7c, with the addition of CNTs into the cement matrix, the carbon nanotubes wound and twisted together into a continuous network structure and tightly packed the hydration products [32]. Figure 7d shows that CSH gel, calcium hydroxide crystals, and other hydration products form a relatively compact structure. Compared with the CP group, the addition of nanomaterials in cement based materials improved the microstructure and compaction of the matrix.

4. Conclusions

(1)
The variation law of the autogenous shrinkage of cement based materials doped with nanomaterials with the increase of age is similar to that of reference samples. There are four main stages: (I) rapid growth period; (II) expansion period; (III) slow growth period; (IV) relatively stable period; and the autogenous shrinkage occurred mainly in the first 72 h.
(2)
Nanomaterials have a certain inhibitory effect on the autogenous shrinkage of cement paste. Compared with that of the reference group at the age of 168 h, the autogenous shrinkage of NM-modified cement based composites with the content of 1.0 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, and 3.0 wt.% NM decreased by 23.0%, 48.9%, and 57.4%, respectively; the autogenous shrinkage of CNTs-modified cement based composites with the content of 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, and 0.3 wt.% CNTs decreased by 11.9%, 17.9%, and 19.4%, respectively; the autogenous shrinkage of NC-modified cement based composites with the contents of 1.0 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, and 3.0 wt.% NC decreased by 8.6%, 17.1%, 5.8%, respectively.
(3)
The Nyquist diagram and the fitting results of ZSimpWin show that the values of Rs of the samples with nanomaterials are less than that of the reference sample at the same age, indicating that the nanomaterials restrain the autogenous shrinkage tendency of the cement based materials. And, the Rs value of each sample increases with age. SEM test results further validate the conclusion of autogenous shrinkage and electrochemical tests that the cement based materials doped with NM or CNTs or NC have more compact microstructure and more abundant hydration products than the reference sample, and nanomaterials improve the early autogenous shrinkage performance of hydration paste.
In this work, nano-montmorillonite, carbon nanotubes and nano calcium carbonate were homogeneously dispersed and then mixed into cement paste. Autogenous shrinkage performance, electrochemical performance and microstructure were measured. Nyquist diagram of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to validate the accuracy of Rs value variation law. The findings in this work indicated that ideal methods contributed to reducing autogenous shrinkage performance of cement based materials by adding nanomaterials.
As CNTs and nano calcium carbonate appear poorly dispersed at a higher concentration, carbon nanotubes dosage (0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%) and nano calcium carbonate (1.0 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 3.0 wt.%) were used in cement paste in this work. Lower concentration of nano-materials restricted the inhibitory effect on the autogenous shrinkage to a certain extent. Future research work should consider to improve the dispersion of higher concentration of nano-materials in cement paste to enhance the inhibitory effect on the autogenous shrinkage.

Author Contributions

X.L. and J.Z. conceived and conducted the experiments; T.F. and J.Z. analyzed the data and wrote the paper.

Funding

This research was funded by National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2017YFB0310100), Shanghai Construction Group Support Programs (No. 17JCYJ-07), State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials (No. 2016CEM011), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51508320, No. 51879093).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Wu, L.M.; Farzadnia, N.; Shi, C.J.; Zhang, Z.H.; Wang, H. Autogenous shrinkage of high performance concrete: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 149, 62–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Demir, L.; Sevim, O.; Tekin, E. The effects of shrinkage-reducing admixtures used in self-compacting concrete on its strength and durability. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 172, 153–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Yoo, D.Y.; Kim, S.; Kim, M.J. Comparative shrinkage behavior of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete under ambient and heat curing conditions. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 162, 406–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Shen, D.J.; Jiang, J.L.; Shen, J.X.; Yao, P.P.; Jiang, G.Q. Influence of curing temperature on autogenous shrinkage and cracking resistance of high-performance concrete at an early age. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 103, 67–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Yousefieh, N.; Joshaghani, A.; Hajibandeh, E.; Shekarchid, M. Influence of fibers on drying shrinkage in restrained concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 148, 833–845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Plank, J.; Sakai, E.; Miao, C.W.; Yu, C.; Hong, J.X. Chemical admixtures-Chemistry, applications and their impact on concrete microstructure and durability. Cem. Concr. Res. 2015, 78, 81–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Ghafari, E.; Ghahari, S.; Costa, H.; Júlio, E.; Portugal, A.; Durães, L. Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on autogenous shrinkage of ultra-high performance concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 127, 43–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Oliveira, M.J.; Ribeiro, A.B.; Branco, F.G. Shrinkage of self-compacting concrete. A comparative analysis. J. Build. Eng. 2017, 9, 117–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Liu, J.H.; Shi, C.J.; Ma, X.W.; Khayat, K.H.; Zhang, J.; Wang, D.H. An overview on the effect of internal curing on shrinkage of high performance cement-based materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 146, 702–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Wang, X.F.; Huang, G.Y.; Wu, G.Y.; Fang, C.; Li, D.W.; Han, N.X.; Xing, F. Effect of nano-SiO2 on strength, shrinkage and cracking sensitivity of lightweight aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 175, 115–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Polat, R.; Demirboga, R.; Karagol, F. The effect of nano-MgO on the setting time, autogenous shrinkage, microstructure and mechanical properties of high performance cement paste and mortar. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 156, 208–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Lim, J.; Raman, S.N.; Safiuddin, M.; Zain, M.; Hamid, R. Autogenous shrinkage, microstructure, and strength of ultra-high performance concrete incorporating carbon nanofibers. Materials 2019, 12, 320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Norhasri, M.S.; Hamidah, M.S.; Fadzil, A.M. Applications of using nano material in concrete: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 133, 91–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Feneuil, B.; Habermehi-Cwirzen, K.; Cwirzen, A. Contribution of CNTs/CNFs morphology to reduction of autogenous shrinkage of Portland cement paste. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 2017, 11, 255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Kim, G.M.; Yoon, H.N.; Lee, H.K. Autogenous shrinkage and electrical characteristics of cement pastes and mortars with carbon nanotube and carbon fiber. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 177, 428–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Zuo, J.Q.; Yao, W.; Wu, K.R. Seebeck effect and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-carbon fiber/cement nanocomposites. Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostruct. 2015, 23, 383–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. ASTM. C 1698-09 Standard Test Method for Autogenous Strain of Cement Paste and Mortar; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2014; pp. 1–8. [Google Scholar]
  18. Silva, F.; Arezes, P.; Swuste, P. Risk management: Controlling occupational exposure to nanoparticles in construction. In Nanotechnology in Eco-Efficient Construction, 2nd ed.; Pacheco-Torgal, F., Diamanti, M.V., Nazari, A., Granqvist, C.G., Pruna, S., Amirkhanian, S., Eds.; Woodhead Publishing: Duxford, UK, 2019; pp. 755–784. [Google Scholar]
  19. Shen, P.L.; Lu, L.N.; He, Y.J.; Rao, M.J.; Fu, Z.D.; Wang, F.Z.; Hu, S.G. Experimental investigation on the autogenous shrinkage of steam cured ultra-high performance concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 162, 512–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Yang, J.; Wang, F.Z. Influence of assumed absorption capacity of superabsorbent polymers on the microstructure and performance of cement mortars. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 204, 468–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Rashad, A.M. A comprehensive overview about the effect of nano-SiO2 on some properties of traditional cementitious materials and alkali-activated fly ash. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 52, 437–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Liew, K.M.; Kai, M.F.; Zhang, L.W. Carbon nanotube reinforced cementitious composites: An overview. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2016, 91, 301–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Wong, E.; Sheehan, P.; Lieber, C. Nanobeam mechanics: elasticity, strength and toughness of nanorods and nanotubes. Science 1997, 277, 1971–1975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Rao, A.M.; Eklund, P.C.; Bandow, S.; Thess, A.; Smalley, R.E. Evidence for charge transfer in doped carbon nanotube bundles from Raman scattering. Nature 1997, 388, 257–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Zuo, J.; Yao, W.; Liu, X.Y.; Qin, J.J. Sensing properties of carbon nanotube-carbon fiber/cement nanocomposites. J. Test. Eval. 2012, 40, 838–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Qian, X.; Wang, J.L.; Wang, L.; Fang, Y. Enhancing the performance of metakaolin blended cement mortar through in-situ production of nano to sub-micro calcium carbonate particles. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 196, 681–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Nejad, F.M.; Tolouei, M.; Nazari, H.; Naderan, A. Effects of calcium carbonate nanoparticles and fly ash on mechanical and permeability properties of concrete. Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater 2018, 7, 651–668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Wu, Z.M.; Shi, C.J.; Khayat, K.H.; Wan, S. Effects of different nanomaterials on hardening and performance of ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC). Cem. Concr. Compos. 2016, 70, 24–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Monticelli, C.; Frignani, A.; Trabanelli, G. A study on corrosion inhibitors for concrete application. Cem. Concr. Res. 2000, 30, 635–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Pruckner, F.; Theiner, J.; Eri, J.; Nauer, G.E. In-situ monitoring of the efficiency of the cathodic protection of reinforced concrete by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim. Acta 1996, 41, 1233–1238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Andrade, C.; Keddam, M.; Novoa, X.R.; Perez, M.C.; Rangel, C.M.; Takenouti, H. Electrochemical behaviour of steel rebars in concrete: Influence of environmental factors and cement chemistry. Electrochim. Acta 2001, 46, 3905–3912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Zuo, J.Q.; Yao, W.; Xu, J.; Chen, Y.Q.; Liu, X.Y. Effects of carbon nanotube-carbon fiber cementitious conductive anode for cathodic protection of reinforced concrete. J. Test. Eval. 2017, 45, 1777–1786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Symmetry 11 01144 g001 550
Figure 1. Experimental set-up for measuring autogenous shrinkage property.
Figure 1. Experimental set-up for measuring autogenous shrinkage property.
Symmetry 11 01144 g001
Symmetry 11 01144 g002 550
Figure 2. Autogenous shrinkage of nano-montmorillonite (NM)-modified cement based materials.
Figure 2. Autogenous shrinkage of nano-montmorillonite (NM)-modified cement based materials.
Symmetry 11 01144 g002
Symmetry 11 01144 g003 550
Figure 3. Autogenous shrinkage of CNTs-modified cement based materials.
Figure 3. Autogenous shrinkage of CNTs-modified cement based materials.
Symmetry 11 01144 g003
Symmetry 11 01144 g004 550
Figure 4. Autogenous shrinkage of NC-modified cement based materials.
Figure 4. Autogenous shrinkage of NC-modified cement based materials.
Symmetry 11 01144 g004
Symmetry 11 01144 g005a 550Symmetry 11 01144 g005b 550
Figure 5. Nyquist diagram of nano-materials modified cement based materials at different ages: (a) 24 h; (b) 72 h; (c) 168 h.
Figure 5. Nyquist diagram of nano-materials modified cement based materials at different ages: (a) 24 h; (b) 72 h; (c) 168 h.
Symmetry 11 01144 g005aSymmetry 11 01144 g005b
Symmetry 11 01144 g006 550
Figure 6. Equivalent circuit diagram of cement based materials.
Figure 6. Equivalent circuit diagram of cement based materials.
Symmetry 11 01144 g006
Symmetry 11 01144 g007 550
Figure 7. SEM images of cement pastes containing nano-materials: (a) CP; (b) CPNM2; (c) CPCNTs03; (d) CPNC2.
Figure 7. SEM images of cement pastes containing nano-materials: (a) CP; (b) CPNM2; (c) CPCNTs03; (d) CPNC2.
Symmetry 11 01144 g007
Table
Table 1. Properties of nano-montmorillonite [16].
Table 1. Properties of nano-montmorillonite [16].
Diameter/nmLength/μmPurity/(wt.%)Specific Surface Area/(m2/g)Content(-COOH)/(wt.%)
<810~30>95>2005.58
Table
Table 2. Properties of carbon nanotubes [16].
Table 2. Properties of carbon nanotubes [16].
Diameter/nmAspect RatioPurity/(wt.%)Specific Surface Area/(m2/g)Specific Gravity/(g/cm3)
20~45200~400>98.47502.6
Table
Table 3. Properties of nano calcium carbonate [16].
Table 3. Properties of nano calcium carbonate [16].
Diameter/nmPurity/(wt.%)Specific surface area/(m2/g)pH Value
15~4094.5≥559.0~10.5
Table
Table 4. Properties of cement [16].
Table 4. Properties of cement [16].
Specific Surface Area/(m2/kg)Initial Setting Time/minFinal Setting Time/minCompressive Strength/MPaFlexural Strength/MPa
3 Day28 Day3 Day28 Day
33815220733.157.26.89.3
Table
Table 5. Properties of silica fume [16].
Table 5. Properties of silica fume [16].
SiO2 Content/%Moisture Content/%Average Particle Size/μmSpecific Surface Area/(m2/g)
>96.0<3.00.15~0.20>15,000
Table
Table 6. Final shrinkage strain values of cement based materials with different nanomaterials.
Table 6. Final shrinkage strain values of cement based materials with different nanomaterials.
SpecimensFinal Shrinkage Strain/με
CP520.1
CPNM1400.4
CPNM2265.4
CPNM3221.8
CPCNTs01458.3
CPCNTs02427.1
CPCNTs03419.0
CPNC1475.1
CPNC2431.0
CPNC3489.9
Table
Table 7. Value of Rs simulated by ZSimpWin.
Table 7. Value of Rs simulated by ZSimpWin.
Age/hRs/Ω
CPCPNM2CPCNTs03CPNC2
24276.6214.2237.6257.3
72831.4668.2716.4782.7
16811138409591022

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, X.; Fang, T.; Zuo, J. Effect of Nano-Materials on Autogenous Shrinkage Properties of Cement Based Materials. Symmetry 2019, 11, 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091144

AMA Style

Liu X, Fang T, Zuo J. Effect of Nano-Materials on Autogenous Shrinkage Properties of Cement Based Materials. Symmetry. 2019; 11(9):1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091144

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Xiaoyan, Tingchen Fang, and Junqing Zuo. 2019. "Effect of Nano-Materials on Autogenous Shrinkage Properties of Cement Based Materials" Symmetry 11, no. 9: 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11091144

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop