Research on the Gradual Process of the Metallization Structures and Mechanical Properties of Wood Veneer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Experimental Materials
2.2. Pretreatment of Wood Veneer
2.3. Wood Veneer Metallization
2.4. Test of Modulus of Elasticity and Hardness
2.5. Characterization of Wood Veneer Metallization Structure
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Analyze Wood Veneer Metallization Structure with XRD
3.2. Effect of Wood Veneer Metallization on Load–Compaction Depth
3.3. Effect of Wood Veneer Metallization on Modulus of Elasticity and Hardness
3.4. Microstructure of Metallized Wood Veneer
3.5. Microscale Measurements of Metallized Wood Veneer
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Magnetron sputtering can realize wood veneer surface metallization. The gradual process of the metallization structures and mechanical properties of wood veneer were explored, and the XRD analysis results show that the wood veneer metallization has no effect on the crystalline region: the wood cellulose crystalline structure is not destroyed. However, with the increase of deposition time, the characteristic diffraction peak of wood cellulose still exists, strength gradually decreases, the wood cellulose relative crystallinity decreased, and the characteristics diffraction peak of copper occurs, at the same time, the diffraction peaks of Cu (111), Cu (200), and Cu (220) of metallic copper appears, and the intensity of the diffraction peak gradually increases with the increase of coating time. The wood veneer with sputtering time of 15 min has a good crystallization state of copper film. The metallization scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the veneer shows that the sputtering copper atoms gradually nucleate and grow on the surface of the veneer and then grow the thin films in three typical stages, from island to network to continuous film formation.
- (2)
- The mechanical properties of the metallized wood veneer were studied by nanoindentation. Test results showed that the load–compaction depth curve of the metallized sample with sputtering was significantly shifted to the left, the sample with sputtering time of 50 s was the smallest and the sample with sputtering time of 15 min was the largest. The loading displacement of the metallized wood veneer decreased significantly. The loading displacement decreased by 80%.
- (3)
- The modulus of elasticity and hardness of wood veneer metallized samples increased by 24.1 times and 17.3 times for the samples whose coating time was 15 min. The modulus of elasticity and hardness of copper are much larger than that of wood. The growth of copper film on the surface of wood veneer rapidly increases the modulus of elasticity and hardness of the wood veneer. As the deposition time increases, the thickness of copper film increases and the base effect of wood gradually decreases.
- (4)
- From the results of SEM measurement of the metallization of wood veneer, it can be seen that the deposited copper atoms gradually nucleate on the wood veneer surface and grow, and the film growth goes through three typical stages, from island to network and then to continuous film formation. Using the magnetron sputtering method, the veneer of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica can be completely covered by the metal layer of copper film, and the surface of wood veneer can be metallized, which not only preserves the texture of wood itself, but also has the characteristics of metal; the uniform and continuous copper film can be formed on the wood veneer surface.
- (5)
- The magnetron sputtering method is used to prepare metal copper films on the surface of wood veneer, which causes rapid change to the structural and mechanical properties of the wood surface, this expands the practical application of wood and provides new ideas and means for the functional improvement of wood. It also provides technical support for the technological advancement and upgrading of the timber industry, the development of high value-added products, and opens up the application prospect of the functional modification of wood surface.
- (6)
- The preparation of copper thin films on the wood veneer surface with magnetron sputtering to realize the modification of wood interface and the change of wood microstructure can not only maintain the natural characteristics of wood itself, but also enable wood to have a metal crystal structure and mechanical properties, which can realize the improvement of the functional performance of wood. One of the important ways to expand the application of wood is to apply a metal film to the surface of wood, and the metallization of wood veneer is of great significance to the wider application of wood and the increase of its added value.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Number | Sputtering Time | Cellulose Relative Crystallinity | Loading Displacement/nm | Average Modulus of Elasticity/GPa | The Standard Deviation of the Modulus of Elasticity | Average Hardness/GPa | The Standard Deviation of the Hardness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | 0 s | 56.3% | 684 | 0.567 | 0.3596 | 0.048 | 0.0383 |
b | 50 s | 50.9% | 210.9 | 8.816 | 0.3928 | 0.335 | 0.0766 |
c | 150 s | 54.6% | 139.1 | 9.479 | 0.4464 | 0.565 | 0.0618 |
d | 10 min | 51.3% | 126.9 | 11.690 | 0.7330 | 0.667 | 0.0863 |
e | 15 min | 45.4% | 107.7 | 14.256 | 0.9199 | 0.880 | 0.0271 |
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Li, J.; Wang, R.; Tian, H.; Wang, Y.; Qi, D. Research on the Gradual Process of the Metallization Structures and Mechanical Properties of Wood Veneer. Symmetry 2018, 10, 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110550
Li J, Wang R, Tian H, Wang Y, Qi D. Research on the Gradual Process of the Metallization Structures and Mechanical Properties of Wood Veneer. Symmetry. 2018; 10(11):550. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110550
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jingkui, Ruoying Wang, He Tian, Yanan Wang, and Dawei Qi. 2018. "Research on the Gradual Process of the Metallization Structures and Mechanical Properties of Wood Veneer" Symmetry 10, no. 11: 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10110550