Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Evaluated by Antibody Response in a Sample of Workers from the Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
- Information on the subject’s socio-demographic characteristics, including smoking habits and alcohol consumption;
- Clinical and medical aspects relevant to the study, including information on a possible diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the presence of suspected symptoms for COVID-19 in the year preceding recruitment;
- Information on the employment sector and the working conditions in the months prior to the blood draw, including the adoption of preventive measures to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
2.3. Laboratory Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Biochemical Analyses
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Cases (n = 166) | Controls (n = 239) |
---|---|---|
Sex n (%) | ||
Female | 95 (57.2) | 133 (55.7) |
Male | 71 (42.8) | 106 (44.3) |
Age (years) (M ± SD) | 50.6 ± 12.4 | 50.6 ± 11.6 |
Age class n (%) | ||
<40 | 30 (18.1) | 37 (15.6) |
40–49 | 38 (22.9) | 64 (27.0) |
50–59 | 50 (30.1) | 80 (33.8) |
≥60 | 48 (28.9) | 56 (23.6) |
BMI n (%) | ||
Underweight (<18.5) | 6 (3.6) | 6 (2.5) |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 95 (57.6) | 125 (52.5) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 44 (26.7) | 84 (35.3) |
Obesity (≥30.0) | 20 (12.1) | 23 (9.7) |
Smoking habit n (%) * | ||
Smokers (≥1 cigarette/day) | 19 (11.5) | 48 (20.2) |
Non smokers | 146 (88.5) | 190 (79.8) |
Living place n (%) * | ||
Urban area | 102 (61.8) | 135 (57.0) |
Rural area | 40 (24.2) | 65 (27.4) |
Industrial area | 6 (3.7) | 1 (0.4) |
Other | 17 (10.3) | 36 (15.2) |
SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis confirmed with swab n (%) * | ||
Yes | 116 (70.3) | 30 (12.7) |
No | 49 (29.7) | 206 (87.3) |
Previous symptoms suspected for COVID-19 n (%) * | ||
Yes | 140 (84.3) | 120 (50.2) |
No | 26 (15.7) | 119 (49.8) |
Clinical conditions n (%) | ||
Diabetes | 4 (2.4) | 2 (0.8) |
Respiratory disease | 16 (9.7) | 30 (12.6) |
Cardiovascular disease | 43 (26.1) | 62 (26.1) |
Cancer | 17 (10.3) | 26 (10.9) |
Occupational Sector | Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) |
---|---|---|
Manufacturing activities (C) | 71 (57.7) | 96 (54.9) |
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (G) | 9 (7.3) | 16 (9.1) |
Information and communication services; financial and insurance activities; real estate activities; professional scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities (J, K, L, M, N) | 16 (13.0) | 19 (10.9) |
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security (O) | 3 (2.4) | 6 (3.4) |
Education (P) | 7 (5.7) | 7 (4.0) |
Human health and social work activities (Q) | 6 (4.9) | 10 (5.7) |
Arts, entertainment, and recreation; other service activities (R, S) | 3 (2.5) | 6 (3.4) |
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing; electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply; construction; transportation and storage; accommodation and food service activities (A, D, F, H, I) | 8 (6.5) | 15 (8.6) |
Manufacturing Activities | Total n (%) | Cases (n = 71) n (%) | Controls (n = 96) n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Ceramic | 71 (42.5) | 44 (62.0) | 27 (28.1) |
Chemical–pharmaceutical | 39 (23.3) | 5 (7.0) | 34 (35.4) |
Metal–mechanical | 29 (17.4) | 7 (9.9) | 22 (22.9) |
Other | 28 (16.8) | 15 (21.1) | 13 (13.6) |
Preventive Measures | Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) |
---|---|---|
FFP2 mask use | ||
No or rarely | 89 (65.4) | 115 (58.7) |
Yes | 47 (34.6) | 81 (41.3) |
Hand hygiene | ||
<5 times/day | 54 (39.4) | 61 (31.0) |
≥5 times/day | 83 (60.6) | 136 (69.0) |
Preventive measures overall | ||
Low adherence (no or rare use of the FFP2 mask and hand hygiene < 5 times/day) | 36 (55.4) | 42 (40.8) |
High adherence (FFP2 mask use and hand hygiene ≥ 5 times/day) | 29 (44.6) | 61 (59.2) |
Biochemical Parameters | Cases Median (Q1; Q3) | Controls Median (Q1; Q3) |
---|---|---|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194 (165; 234) | 200 (164; 222) |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56 (44; 69) | 55 (43; 67) |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 109 (90; 138) | 117 (95; 139) |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 98 (66; 142) | 92 (68; 129) |
Sideraemia (µg/dL) | 97.0 (71.5; 124.0) | 97.0 (74.0; 127.0) |
Folates (ng/mL) * | 2.6 (1.7; 4.2) | 3.0 (2.1; 5.0) |
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 369.1 (277.1; 464.0) | 364.5 (277.0; 472.4) |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 22.1 (16.5; 27.9) | 21.2 (14.7; 29.1) |
Copper (µg/L) | 1128.0 (970.0; 1261.0) | 1121.0 (994.0; 1270.5) |
Zinc (µg/L) | 936 (828; 1040) | 942 (836; 1064) |
Nickel (µg/L) | 0.73 (0.52; 0.95) | 0.74 (0.56; 0.92) |
Chromium (µg/L) | 0.62 (0.52; 0.79) | 0.61 (0.48; 0.74) |
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Paduano, S.; Granata, M.; Turchi, S.; Modenese, A.; Galante, P.; Poggi, A.; Marchesi, I.; Frezza, G.; Dervishaj, G.; Vivoli, R.; et al. Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Evaluated by Antibody Response in a Sample of Workers from the Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy. Antibodies 2023, 12, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/antib12040077
Paduano S, Granata M, Turchi S, Modenese A, Galante P, Poggi A, Marchesi I, Frezza G, Dervishaj G, Vivoli R, et al. Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Evaluated by Antibody Response in a Sample of Workers from the Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy. Antibodies. 2023; 12(4):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/antib12040077
Chicago/Turabian StylePaduano, Stefania, Michele Granata, Sara Turchi, Alberto Modenese, Pasquale Galante, Alessandro Poggi, Isabella Marchesi, Giuseppina Frezza, Giulia Dervishaj, Roberto Vivoli, and et al. 2023. "Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Evaluated by Antibody Response in a Sample of Workers from the Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy" Antibodies 12, no. 4: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/antib12040077