IL-33, IL-37, and Vitamin D Interaction Mediate Immunomodulation of Inflammation in Degenerating Cartilage †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Porcine Model
2.2. Tissue Acquisition
2.3. Immunofluorescence Studies
2.4. Stimulation and Inhibition Studies
2.5. Cell Culture and Macrophage Polarization Studies
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Increased Immunopositivity for IL-33 and IL-37 in Vitamin D Deficient Microswine Cartilage
3.2. Increased Immunopositivity for TLR-2 and TLR-4 in Vitamin D-Deficient Microswine Articular Cartilage
3.3. Increased Expression of M2 Macrophage in Vitamin D Deficient Microswine Cartilage
3.4. Expression of VDR, Cyp24A1, and Cyp27B1 in Swine Cartilage
3.5. Calcitriol Attenuates the mRNA Expression of IL-33, TLR-2, TLR-4, NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, HMGB-1, RAGE, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in Normal Human Chondrocytes
3.6. Calcitriol Downregulates the Effect of Recombinant(r) IL-33, rHMGB-1, and LPS on TLR-2, TLR-4, NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-2, MMP-9, HMGB-1, and RAGE in NHAC
3.7. Calcitriol Favors M2 Macrophage Polarization
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations of the Study
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene of Interest | Forward Primer | Reverse Primer |
---|---|---|
HMGB-1 | 5′-AAG CAC CCA GAT GCT TCA GT-3′ | 5′-TCC GCT TTT GCC ATA TCT TC-3′ |
IL-33 | 5′-GTGACGGTGTTGATGGTAAGA -3′ | 5′-CTCCACAGAGTGTTCCTTGTT -3′ |
IL-37 | 5′-GCACCTCCTGCAATTGTAATG -3′ | 5′-CAGTTTCCTAATCGCTGACCT -3′ |
IL-6 | 5′-ATA GGA CTG GAG ATG TCT GAG G-3′ | 5′-GCT TGT GGA GAA GGA GTT CAT AG-3′ |
MMP-2 | 5′-TGA TGG TGT CTG CTG GAA AG-3′ | 5′-CTA CAG GAC AGA GGG ACT AGA G-3′ |
MMP-9 | 5′-ACA AGC TCT TCG GCT TCT G -3′ | 5′-GGT ACA GGT CGA GTA CTC CTT A-3′ |
NF-κB | 5′-GAC TAC GAC CTG AAT GCT GTG-3′ | 5′-GTC AAA GAT GGG ATG AGG AAG G-3′ |
RAGE | 5′- CCT GCA GGG ACT CTT AGC TG-3′ | 5′- CTC CGA CTG CAG TGT GAA GA-3′ |
TLR-2 | 5′-CTG GAG AAA GCC TTG AAC TCT AT-3′ | 5′-GAC ACT CGG TCT CTA GCA ATT T-3′ |
TLR-4 | 5′-TCA AAG AGC TGG TGC GAA A-3′ | 5′-CAG CTG CTT GTC TGC ATT TG-3′ |
TNF-α | 5′-ACC CTC AAC CTC TTC TGG CTC AA-3′ | 5′-AAT CCC AGG TTT CGA AGT GGT GGT-3′ |
GAPDH | 5′-GGT GAA GGT CGG AGT CAA CGG ATT TGG TCG-3′ | 5′-GGA TCT CGC TCC TGG AAG ATG GTG ATG GG-3′ |
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Rai, V.; Radwan, M.M.; Agrawal, D.K. IL-33, IL-37, and Vitamin D Interaction Mediate Immunomodulation of Inflammation in Degenerating Cartilage. Antibodies 2021, 10, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/antib10040041
Rai V, Radwan MM, Agrawal DK. IL-33, IL-37, and Vitamin D Interaction Mediate Immunomodulation of Inflammation in Degenerating Cartilage. Antibodies. 2021; 10(4):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/antib10040041
Chicago/Turabian StyleRai, Vikrant, Mohamed M. Radwan, and Devendra K. Agrawal. 2021. "IL-33, IL-37, and Vitamin D Interaction Mediate Immunomodulation of Inflammation in Degenerating Cartilage" Antibodies 10, no. 4: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/antib10040041