Cultural Ecosystem Services of Geodiversity: A Case Study from Stránská skála (Brno, Czech Republic)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Theoretical Background
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
- geodiversity possesses numerous knowledge functions and services—from the possibility for the reconstruction of paleogeographical environments and enriching the knowledge of the history of the Earth to the use of geodiversity knowledge in forensic geology [2].
3. Study Area
4. Results
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Values | Examples |
---|---|
Recreation and ecotourism | Landscape features (or sites) used for recreational activities (walking, horse riding, swimming, gathering wild foods, hiking, sport activities, climbing, etc.) |
Aesthetic values | Landscape features (or sites) of particular beauty, Aesthetic quality of the landscape, based on e.g., structural diversity |
Spiritual and religious values | Landscape features (or sites) of spiritual, religious, or other forms of exceptional personal meaning |
Educational values | Landscape features (or sites) that widen knowledge about plant and animal species or about landscapes and landforms, past climate or paleogeographical changes |
Cultural heritage values | Landscape features (or sites) relevant to local history and culture |
Bequest, intrinsic and existence value | Landscape features (or sites) that have inner values independent on the human perceptions, specific landscape features as a part of natural heritage |
Inspiration | Landscape features (or sites) that stimulate new thoughts, ideas, or creative expressions. Landscape features or species with inspirational value to human arts |
Sense of place | Landscape features (or sites) that foster a sense of authentic human attachment, landscape features as a part of local identity |
Knowledge systems | Importance of the landscape features (or sites) for research activities, e.g., paleogeographical, paleoclimatical studies, history of research, and knowledge |
Social relations | Landscape features (or sites) serving as meeting points with friends, e.g., on special occasions |
Cultural diversity | The diversity of ecosystems that underpin the cultural diversity |
Service | Examples |
---|---|
Environmental quality and aesthetic values | local landscape character; therapeutic landscapes for health and well-being |
Geotourism, recreation, leisure | spectacular mountain views; outdoor recreation; rock climbing; fossil collecting |
Spiritual and religious meanings | folklore; sacred sites; legends; sense of place |
Artistic inspiration | literature; music; poetry; painting |
Other cultural values | archaeological and historical; values relevant to local history and culture |
Social development | local geological societies; volunteering; field trips |
Earth history | evolution of life; extinction; origin of landforms; paleoenvironments |
History of research | early identification of unconformities; fossils; igneous rocks |
Environmental monitoring and forecasting | baseline studies for climate research; sea-level change; geoforensics |
Education and employment | sites for field trips and professional training; employment in geoparks |
Heritage values | a site or landscape feature as a part of natural heritage |
Division | Group | Class |
---|---|---|
Direct, in-situ, and outdoor interactions with natural physical systems that depend on a presence in the environmental setting | Physical and experiential interactions with natural abiotic components of the environment | Natural, abiotic characteristics of nature that enable active or passive physical and experiential interactions |
Intellectual and representative interactions with abiotic components of the natural environment | Natural, abiotic characteristics of nature that enable intellectual interactions | |
Indirect, remote, often indoor interactions with physical systems that do not require a presence in the environmental setting | Spiritual, symbolic, and other interactions with the abiotic components of the natural environment | Natural, abiotic characteristics of nature that enable spiritual, symbolic, and other interactions |
Other abiotic characteristics that have a non-use value | Natural, abiotic characteristics or features of nature that have either an existence, option, or bequest value | |
Other abiotic characteristics of nature that have cultural significance | Other | Other |
Ecosystem | Description and Elements of Geodiversity |
---|---|
Limestone outcrops and quarries | Jurassic limestone (Oxfordian; Crinoidea limestone, Chert limestones) with fossils |
Limestone cliffs that are both natural and modified by quarrying | |
Depressions (sinkholes) affected by quarrying | |
Karst microforms (e.g., pavements or scarps) | |
Less developed soils (rendzinas) | |
Underground spaces | Caves and accompanying karst features (e.g., speleothems, fissures filled with secondary calcite) |
Cave sediments with fossils | |
Hydrogeological components (the level of underground water) | |
Sedimentary areas | Alluvial fans, talus cones, river terraces |
Neogene sediments (sands and clays of Miocene age – Ottnangian, Badenian with microfossils) | |
Quaternary sediments (loess, deluviofluvial deposits, fluvial sands) with fossils | |
Paleosoils, current soils (rendzinas, limited occurrence of luvizems) |
Type of Value/Service/Benefit | Limestone Outcrops and Quarries | Underground Spaces | Sedimentary Areas |
---|---|---|---|
Environmental quality and aesthetic values | The outcrops contribute to the typical panorama of Brno city, they increase the environmental quality of the urban area. From a certain point of view, the outcrops and quarry walls can be considered as dramatic and they are aesthetically valuable thanks to their configuration. The site forms an important part of the city’s prehistory and history. | Officially, the underground spaces are not accessible (except to speleologists and with a permit), so the assessment of this value was not possible. The mystic underground partly contributes to the specific genius loci. | Forestless areas are covered mostly by steppe and bush vegetation and they complement the overall pleasant look of the site and they contribute to the configuration of the space (the study area is a mosaic of outcrops, grasslands, bush and forests). The site forms an important part of the city’s prehistory and history. |
Geotourism, recreation, leisure | Popular for local people and visitors, climbing, fossil collecting, and recreation. A viewpoint of the surroundings. | Practically accessible only for speleologists. Unofficially explored by people interested in underground spaces and related phenomena. | Popular for local people and visitors, walking, recreation. Viewpoint of the surroundings. |
Spiritual and religious meanings | For local people, it is a site with a strong sense of place. | The caves (both natural and artificial) are the subject of several modern legends. | For local people, it is a site with a strong sense of place. |
Artistic inspiration | The site with its outcrops was the subject of several drawings and old photographs. It appears in several poems. | Not found. | The site with its outcrops was the subject of several drawings and old photographs. It appears in several poems. |
Other cultural values | The stone which was extracted here in the Middle Ages was used on numerous buildings in Brno and became the iconic rock of Brno. Archaeological findings (e.g., flint processing) | The anthropogenic landforms (tunnels of the underground factory) have strong links to the industrial history of the city. The use of the bunker of the civil defence has been important for military history. | Archeological findings (first evidence of fire use by Homo Erectus, evidences from Paleolithic, Neolithic, Eneolithic, traces of opportunity horse hunting) |
Social development | The site is a favorite one for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that organize educational programs focused on nature protection. | Officially not accessible, so the social aspects cannot be described and assessed. | The site is a favorite one for NGOs that organize the educational programs focused on nature protection. |
Earth history | An important plaeontological site (Jurassic fossils) for palaeogeographical studies (paleovalley of Svitava River), the remains of river terraces. | Analysis of cave sediments, Quaternary deposits in the caves that consist of bones and teeth of Quaternary (Pleistocene) animals. | An important site for paleogeographic reconstructions, fossils (animal bones) in Quaternary sediments deposited on the slopes and depressions. |
History of research | One of the best-explored sites in the Moravian region, a classical site of Moravian paleontology, numerous important findings in the past (e.g., shark teeth) | Contribution to the early findings of Moravian Paleontology and Quaternary geology, an important place for exploring cave systems in Jurassic limestones. | One of the best-explored sites in the Moravian region, important for Pleistocene studies since the second half of 20th century. |
Heritage values | The locality as a whole (including all the ecosystems) is a part of the geoheritage of Southern Moravia. Currently, it is protected as a National Natural Monument. |
© 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kubalíková, L. Cultural Ecosystem Services of Geodiversity: A Case Study from Stránská skála (Brno, Czech Republic). Land 2020, 9, 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9040105
Kubalíková L. Cultural Ecosystem Services of Geodiversity: A Case Study from Stránská skála (Brno, Czech Republic). Land. 2020; 9(4):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9040105
Chicago/Turabian StyleKubalíková, Lucie. 2020. "Cultural Ecosystem Services of Geodiversity: A Case Study from Stránská skála (Brno, Czech Republic)" Land 9, no. 4: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9040105
APA StyleKubalíková, L. (2020). Cultural Ecosystem Services of Geodiversity: A Case Study from Stránská skála (Brno, Czech Republic). Land, 9(4), 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9040105