Detecting Land Abandonment in Łódź Voivodeship Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Background
2.2. Data and Model Preparation
3. Results
- The presence of soil complexes assigned to the highest classes of arability (1,2,3,4,8) [52], applicable to all coldspots, i.e., (a–i);
- The presence of soils with a high proportion of silt, a characteristic that affects their air-and-moisture-related properties, improves vegetation access to groundwater, and simultaneously retards rain-and meltwater infiltration. This feature is dominant in the following coldspots: (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), and (i);
- The presence of soils developed from till or clayey sand underlain by till. This occurs in all coldspots other than (f);
- The presence of a relatively homogeneous landscape, dominated by plains and thus beneficial to agriculture. Coldspot (a) provides the starkest example with level terrain and a dominant, slightly southern slope, facilitating drainage of excessive melt- and rainwater towards the Bzura river valley. Plains also characterize the following coldspots: (b), (e), (h), and (i).
- Low-quality soil, usually of those qualified as (6), (7), (9) among arability complexes, as well as (very) poor meadowland and pastures “3z” [52]. The aforementioned complexes are common within all identified hotspots;
- A significant presence of forest complexes, especially in the form of numerous sparse patches. A characteristic of abandoned land distribution is a higher occurrence on the peripheries of cultivated fields neighboring forests. This property is intrinsic to all identified hotspots;
- The vicinity of expressways, motorways, and the associated interchanges. Present in hotspots (A), (B), and (F);
- The presence of urbanization and suburbanization near major cities, e.g., Łódź and Zgierz for hotspot (A), as well as in hotspots (D) and (F);
- The vicinity of sand, gravel, sandstone, and limestone extraction sites, as well as the presence of poor-quality soils bordering lignite strip mines. This exploitation of natural resources influences the scale of land abandonment in hotspots (A), (B), (C), (D), (H), (J), and (L);
- The presence of forests and zones along riversides and around the shorelines of lakes and reservoirs, where natural assets have contributed to the development of vacation settlements. Recreational land use among abandoned lands is characteristic of hotspots (A), (B), (C), (D), (L), (O);
- Undulating terrain, with an increased occurrence of hills to the point of hindering fieldwork and facilitating excessive drainage. This relationship arises in hotspots located in the southern portion of the Łódź Voivodeship, such as (L) and (J), and in the relevant part of the (A) hotspot;
- Overgrowth of disused meadows and pastures located in river valleys. Present in all relevant areas but especially prominent in the following hotspots: (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (J);
- Frontier and periphery locations combined with low economic feasibility, apparent within the southeastern and southern borderlands of the voivodeship. These conditions are relevant to the following hotspots: (C), (E), (J), (M), (N).
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Future Work Opportunities
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Prediction/Classification | Nonabandoned | Abandoned |
---|---|---|
nonabandoned | 22,556 | 3496 |
abandoned | 6328 | 12,219 |
Symbol in Figure 8 | Name | Location | Surface in km2 |
---|---|---|---|
A | Central | Surrounding Łódź, Zgierz, Zelów, Szczerców, and the Szczerców Field of Bełchatów Lignite Mine, areas along the Warta river from the vicinity of Strońsk, through Chojne, until the southernmost suburbs of Sieradz and the vicinity of Hipolitów on the Pisia river | 2025.25 |
B | Kamieńsk | East of Bełchatów, southwest of forest complexes and Gomunice, spanning along the railway from Radomsko towards Kamieńsk and subsequently northwards of the Widawka river valley | 292.5 |
C | Grębienice | Southeast of the Łódź voivodeship, near Grębienice-Nowa Góra, and south of Żarnów | 254.5 |
D | Tomaszów Mazowiecki | Along the Plica river valley and near the Spalski and Sulejowski Landscape Parks | 238 |
E | Gidle | Southern Łódź voivodeship, stretches North–South along the Warta and Stara Wiercica river valleys | 158 |
F | Skierniewice Interchange | Along the western border of the Bolimów Landscape Park and near sparsely forested areas, enveloping the A2 motorway | 147.75 |
G | Struga Węglewska | SW portion of the Łódź Voivodeship, interfluve of Struga Kraszewicka, Struga Węglewska, and Prosna rivers. NE from Wieruszów | 138.75 |
H | Ożegów-Rząśnia | Neighborhood of the Oźegów and Rząśnia localities, stretching east to west | 117 |
I | Rawa | South of Rawa Mazowiecka and the upper Rawka and Rylka river valleys, stretching latitudinally | 110.5 |
J | Działoszyn | South of the Warta river, chiefly east of Grabia river, extending towards Działoszyn and subsequently curving in the SE direction | 101.25 |
K | Nowy Dwór | Stretching longitudinally on the E side of the Rawka valley and along the Białka valley | 90.25 |
L | Strobin | Running NW–SE between the localities of Oleśnica and Osina | 88 |
M | Drzewica | Extending alongside the eastern border of the voivodeship, between the Ossa and Rozwady villages, centered on the Drzewica locality | 71.75 |
N | Petrykozy | Near the voivodeship’s eastern border, SE of Opoczno, along the Młynkowska and Drzewiczka river valleys, centered on Petrykozy | 59.75 |
O | Grabina | Between the Pichna and Urszulinka rivers, westward of Zadzim | 53.25 |
P | Kliczków | Stretches latitudinally between the Izabela and Kije localities | 50.5 |
Symbol in Figure 8 | Name | Location | Surface in km2 |
---|---|---|---|
a | Northern | Mostly within the northern part of the voivodeship, including the Warsaw-Berlin Urstromtal and the surroundings of Ozorków, Łęczyca, extending towards Łowicz | 2055 |
b | Piotrków Trybunalski | Elongated along the N–S axis, bounded by the Piasecznica valley from the north and the Bogdanówka valley from the south, centered on the localities of Moszczenica and Wolbórz | 554 |
c | Wieluń | SW portion of the voivodeship, near Wieluń | 459.75 |
d | Błaszki-Warta | West of the Warta valley, in the vicinity of the Jeziorsko reservoir, delimited by the voivodeship’s western border. Highly contiguous | 429.75 |
e | Jeżów | Centered on Jeżów | 372.75 |
f | Przedbórz-Radomsko | Elongated along the W–E axis, in the southern portion of the voivodeship, extending as far west as Radomsko and as far east as Przedbórz | 169.5 |
g | Chodnów | Near Biała Rawska and Chodnów, to the east of the Central Rail Line, adjacent to the eastern border of the voivodeship | 164.75 |
h | Szadek | Relatively compact, between the town of Szadek to the south and Poddębice to the north | 70.07 |
i | Sadykierz | Bordering the Spalski Landscape Park’s forests southward and the Luboczanka valley northward. Contains the localities of Sadykierz and Rzeczyca | 66.50 |
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Krysiak, S.; Papińska, E.; Majchrowska, A.; Adamiak, M.; Koziarkiewicz, M. Detecting Land Abandonment in Łódź Voivodeship Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Land 2020, 9, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030082
Krysiak S, Papińska E, Majchrowska A, Adamiak M, Koziarkiewicz M. Detecting Land Abandonment in Łódź Voivodeship Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Land. 2020; 9(3):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030082
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrysiak, Stanisław, Elżbieta Papińska, Anna Majchrowska, Maciej Adamiak, and Mikołaj Koziarkiewicz. 2020. "Detecting Land Abandonment in Łódź Voivodeship Using Convolutional Neural Networks" Land 9, no. 3: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030082
APA StyleKrysiak, S., Papińska, E., Majchrowska, A., Adamiak, M., & Koziarkiewicz, M. (2020). Detecting Land Abandonment in Łódź Voivodeship Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Land, 9(3), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030082