Peatland Governance: The Problem of Depicting in Sustainability Governance, Regulatory Law, and Economic Instruments
Abstract
:1. Introduction: Research Issue of the Paper
2. Methodology
3. Natural Scientific Background: Peatland Ecosystems
4. Results: Problem of Depicting—Lack of Clarity in the Data
4.1. Measurability of Greenhouse Gas Reductions
4.2. Depictability of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
- CO2 emissions are the major factor in the GHG balances of drained (!) peatlands [77], and they do not differentiate between bogs and fens. Thus, measurement data from one specific peatland site can also be used to verify other peatlands [50]. Furthermore, there is a clear correlation between water and emission level: emissions decrease rapidly after rewetting and are negligibly low from water levels near the surface (see chapter 2). Whether a CO2 absorption takes place after rewetting also depends on the development of vegetation, which binds C via photosynthesis. However, the most challenging parameter to identify is the level of emissions before rewetting (baseline) in order to be able to determine the possible (potential) GHG savings. This is because the baseline can vary from peatland to peatland and even at one site on a small scale. First, the results suggest that the dynamic C stocks and the subordinate gyttjas have a strong influence on the GHG fluxes and the C balance of the individual peatlands. However, research focusing on the latter aspects is still widely missing (see, e.g., [78,79]).
- Compared to CO2 and N2O emissions, significantly more scientific data regarding CH4 emissions from peatlands is available. At higher water levels, emissions rise sharply in line with the water level [80,81,82]. As already mentioned, the presence of “fresh” biomass alongside shunt plants is a major factor for the generation of CH4 after rewetting [55]. One exception which is worth mentioning is black alder, which impacts CH4 emissions in two ways: On the one hand, the aerenchyma tissue allows for the direct exchange between the anaerobic zone and the surface. On the other hand, black alder provides for the active transport of O2 into the rhizosphere where aerobic conditions are created, leading to an oxidation of CH4 [77]. However, the fact that CH4 emissions are negligibly low at water levels below 20 cm [49] can at least facilitate the estimation of the baseline, which is consequently relatively simple to determine. The estimation of the emission behavior after rewetting, though, is problematic. Here the values measured so far diverge widely, as the emission development is influenced by many different factors on a small scale.
- N2O emissions from rewetted peatlands are negligibly low to non-existent [50]. The emission values of drained sites, meanwhile, show a major divergence. Peatlands with an average water level of fewer than 20 cm below the surface cause a large dispersion of N2O emissions, which means the reduction potential can hardly be determined and even less predicted in general terms [50]. However, N2O emissions always decrease after a successful rewetting. A disregard of this decrease in the depiction of the GHG emissions reduction potential, therefore, leads to incorrect results since N2O emissions can reach considerable values [49]. Particularly high emissions were measured with highly fluctuating groundwater levels [27]. This underlines once again that rewetting with the intention of reducing emissions requires good groundwater management. In contrast, a clear link between fertilization and N2O emissions is not always apparent. However, N2O emissions are largely dependent on the level of nitrate concentration in the soil water, which can be increased by non-site-adapted fertilization, respectively, overfertilization [83]. So far, there are no appropriate proxies to reliably depict the N2O flows. Rather, neglecting the N2O emissions in the baseline assessments determines their conservativeness.
4.3. Baseline Problem
5. Results: Policy Instruments of Peatland Governance
5.1. Empirical Status Quo of Agricultural and Environmental Law Regarding Peatland Conservation—Limited Focussing and Failure of Existing Command-and-Control Options and Subsidy Schemes
5.2. Empirical Status Quo of Climate Economic Instruments for Peatland Conservation
6. Discussion and Concluding Remarks: Possible Governance Problems and Possible Policy Options to Overcome Them
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Peatland Use and/or Peat Type | Fens [t CO2eq ha−1 a−1] | Bogs [t CO2eq ha−1 a−1] | Water Level [cm] |
---|---|---|---|
arable land | 33.8 (14.2 to 50.0 [4]) | no data | −70 (−29 to −102) |
grassland (intensive, middle) | 30.9 (21.3 to 40.7 [5]) | 28.3 [1] | −49 (−39 to −98) |
grassland (extensive, dry) | 22.5 (19.5 to 30.9 [4]) | 20.1 [1] | −29 (−14 to −39 |
grassland (extensive, wet) | 10.3 (5.8 to 16.3 [4]) | 2.2 (0 to 4.4 [2]) | −11 (6 to −25) |
bogs (dry) | 9.6 (5.3 to 12.1 [3]) | −18 (−9 to −25) | |
semi-natural (renatured) | 3.3 (−4.3 to 11.9 [5]) | 0.1 (−1.8 to 2.9 [3]) | −10 (−7 to −14) |
inundation | 28.3 (10.6 to 70.7 [4]) | 8.3 (6.1 to 10.4 [2]) | 14 (−8 to 36) |
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Ekardt, F.; Jacobs, B.; Stubenrauch, J.; Garske, B. Peatland Governance: The Problem of Depicting in Sustainability Governance, Regulatory Law, and Economic Instruments. Land 2020, 9, 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030083
Ekardt F, Jacobs B, Stubenrauch J, Garske B. Peatland Governance: The Problem of Depicting in Sustainability Governance, Regulatory Law, and Economic Instruments. Land. 2020; 9(3):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030083
Chicago/Turabian StyleEkardt, Felix, Benedikt Jacobs, Jessica Stubenrauch, and Beatrice Garske. 2020. "Peatland Governance: The Problem of Depicting in Sustainability Governance, Regulatory Law, and Economic Instruments" Land 9, no. 3: 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030083