Gentrification through Green Regeneration? Analyzing the Interaction between Inner-City Green Space Development and Neighborhood Change in the Context of Regrowth: The Case of Lene-Voigt-Park in Leipzig, Eastern Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Interrogating Debates: Greening, Regeneration, and Green Gentrification in the Context of Urban Shrinkage and Regrowth
2.1. Greening Strategies in the Context of Shrinkage and Regrowth
2.2. Green Gentrification: A Critical Perspective on the Impacts of Green Urban Regeneration
3. Case Study, Materials, and Methods
3.1. Leipzig: The Shift from Shrinkage Towards New Growth
3.2. Lene-Voigt-Park in Leipzig
3.3. Methods
4. Results: Green Gentrification in the Context of Regrowth? The Case of Lene-Voigt-Park
4.1. Population Growth and Population Change
4.2. Housing Market and Income
4.3. Neighborhood Change
4.4. The Role of Lene-Voigt-Park for the Neighborhood Development and Opinions on Future Challenges and Opportunities
5. Discussion
5.1. The role of Green Spaces in the Context of Urban Regeneration and Urban Regrowth
5.2. Lene-Voigt-Park in Leipzig: A Case of Green Gentrification?
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Haase, A.; Wolff, M.; Rink, D. From shrinkage to regrowth. The nexus between urban dynamics, land use change and ecosystem service provision. In Urban Transformations—Sustainable Urban Development towards Resource Efficiency, Quality of Life and Resilience; Kabisch, S., Koch, F., Gawel, E., Haase, A., Knapp, S., Krellenberg, K., Zehnsdorf, A., Eds.; Future City Series; Springer: Cham, Germany, 2018; pp. 197–219. [Google Scholar]
- BMVBS (Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung); BBR (Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung). Perspektiven für die Innenstadt im Stadtumbau—3. Statusbericht der Bundestransferstelle Stadtumbau Ost; BMVBS: Berlin, Germany, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- BMUB (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit). Grün Stadt. Eine Lebenswerte Zukunft. Grünbuch Stadtgrün; BMUB: Berlin, Germany, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Leipzig. Leipzig 2020. Integriertes Stadtentwicklungskonzept (SEKo). In Beiträge zur Stadtentwicklung 50; Stadt Leipzig: Leipzig, Germany, 2009; Available online: http://www.leipzig.de/fileadmin/mediendatenbank/leipzig-de/Stadt/02.6_Dez6_Stadtentwicklung_Bau/61_Stadtplanungsamt/Stadtentwicklung/Stadtentwicklungskonzept/SEKo_Pdfs/SEKo_BlaueReihe_50_Web.pdf (accessed on 19 October 2019).
- Stadt Leipzig. Integriertes Stadtentwicklungskonzept Leipzig 2030 (INSEK). In Zielbild und Stadtentwicklungsstrategie; Stadt Leipzig: Leipzig, Germany, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Friedrichs, J. Gentrification. Forschungsstand und methodologische Probleme. In Gentrification. Theorie und Forschungsergebnisse; Friedrichs, J., Kecskes, R., Eds.; Leske + Budrich: Opladen, Germany, 1996; pp. 13–40. [Google Scholar]
- Dooling, S. Ecological Gentrification: A Research Agenda Exploring Justice in the City. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 2009, 33, 621–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hannemann, C. Schrumpfende Städte in Ostdeutschland—Ursache und Folgen einer Stadtentwicklung ohne Wirtschaftswachstum. Aus Polit. Zeitgesch. 2003, B28, 16–23. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Chemnitz. Fortschreibung des Räumlichen Handlungskonzepts Wohnen. In Gesamtstädtische Betrachtungen; Stadtumbau—Werkstatt Chemnitz: Chemnitz, Germany, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Leipzig. Neue Freiräume im Leipziger Osten. In Stadterneuerung—Das Neue Leipzig; Stadt Leipzig: Leipzig, Germany, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Görlitz. Integriertes Stadtentwicklungskonzept INSEK. Demographie, Fachkonzepte Städtebau und Denkmalschutz, Wohnen; Fortschreibung 2009/2010; Stadt Görlitz: Görlitz, Germany, 2009; Available online: https://www.goerlitz.de/uploads/02-Buerger-Dokumente/INSEK.pdf (accessed on 28 October 2019).
- BBSR (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung). Wachsen und Schrumpfen von Städten und Gemeinden. Kartenanwendung: Laufende Raumbeobachtung des BBSR. 2017. Available online: https://gis.uba.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bbsr/index.html?lang=de (accessed on 28 August 2017).
- Haase, A.; Herfert, G.; Kabisch, S.; Steinführer, A. Reurbanizing Leipzig (Germany): Context Conditions and Residential Actors (2000–2007). Eur. Plan. Stud. 2012, 20, 1173–1196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heinig, S.; Herfert, G. Leipzig—intraregionale und innerstädtische Reurbanisierungspfade. In Reurbanisierung. Materialität und Diskurs in Deutschland; Brake, K., Herfert, G., Eds.; VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften: Wiesbaden, Germany, 2012; pp. 323–342. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Dresden. Zukunft Dresden 2025+. Integriertes Stadtentwicklungskonzept Dresden (INSEK); Fortschreibung; Stadt Dresden: Dresden, Germany, 2014; Available online: http://www.dresdner-debatte.de/sites/default/files/discussion-info/downloads/2014-04-08_insek_abcd_dbob.pdf (accessed on 28 October 2019).
- Stadt Leipzig. Stadterneuerung und Stadtumbau in Leipzig: Gestern-heute-morgen. In Beiträge zur Stadtentwicklung 43; Stadt Leipzig: Leipzig, Germany, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Chemnitz. Städtebauliches Entwicklungskonzept—Chemnitz 2020; Beschlussvorlage; Stadt Chemnitz: Chemnitz, Germany, 2009; Available online: https://www.chemnitz.de/chemnitz/media/unsere-stadt/stadtentwicklung/seko/seko_2020.pdf (accessed on 28 October 2019).
- Naturkapital Deutschland—TEEB DE. Ökosystemleistungen in der Stadt—Gesundheit Schützen und Lebensqualität Erhöhen; Kowarik, I., Bartz, R., Brenck, M., Eds.; TU Berlin, UFZ Leipzig: Berlin/Leipzig, Germany, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- BfN (Bundesamt für Naturschutz) (Ed.) Urbane Grüne Infrastruktur. Grundlage für attraktive und zukunftsfähige Städte; Hinweise für die kommunale Praxis. 2017. Available online: https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/BfN/planung/siedlung/Dokumente/UGI_Broschuere.pdf (accessed on 29 June 2019).
- UBA (Umweltbundesamt); BFS (Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz); BSR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung); RKI (Robert Koch Institut) (Eds.) Themenheft Umweltgerechtigkeit. In UMID: Umwelt und Mensch—Informationsdienst 2/2011; UBA: Berlin, Germany, 2011; Available online: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/515/publikationen/umid0211_0.pdf (accessed on 18 October 2019).
- Amoly, E.; Dadvand, P.; Forns, J.; López-Vicente, M.; Basagaña, X.; Julvez, J.; Alvarez-Pedrerol, M.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J.; Sunyer, J. Green and blue spaces and behavioral development in Barcelona schoolchildren: The BREATHE project. Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122, 1351–1358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krekel, C.; Kolbe, J.; Wüstemann, H. The greener, the happier? The effect of urban land use on residential well-being. Environ. Econ. 2016, 121, 117–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Friedrichs, J. Gentrification. In Großstadt. Soziologische Stichworte; Häußermann, H., Ed.; Leske + Budrich: Opladen, Germany, 1998; pp. 57–66. [Google Scholar]
- Krajewski, C. Urbane Transformationsprozesse in zentrumsnahen Stadtquartieren: Gentrifizierung und Innere Differenzierung am Beispiel der Spandauer Vorstadt und der Rosenthaler Vorstadt in Berlin; Institut für Geographie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Münster, Germany, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Bernt, M.; Rink, D.; Holm, A. Gentrificationforschung in Ostdeutschland: Konzeptionelle Probleme und Forschungslücken. Ber. Dtsch. Landeskd. 2010, 84, 185–203. [Google Scholar]
- Glatter, J.; Wiest, K. Gentrifizierungstendenzen unter den Bedingungen des Mietermarktes? Zum Wandel innenstadtnaher Quartiere in ostdeutschen Städten seit der Wiedervereinigung. In Jahrbuch StadtRegion 2007/08. Schwerpunkt: Arme Reiche Stadt; Gestring, N., Glasauer, H., Hannemann, C., Petrowsky, W., Pohlan, J., Eds.; Barbara Budrich: Opladen, Germany, 2008; pp. 55–72. [Google Scholar]
- Rink, D.; Schneider, A.; Haase, A.; Wolff, M. Vom Leerstand zur Knappheit. Kreuzer 2017, 2, 28. [Google Scholar]
- Rink, D. Leipzig—Stadt der Extreme. Leipz. Blätter Sonderh. 2015, 1000, 4–7. [Google Scholar]
- Holm, A.; Marcinczak, S.; Ogrodowczyk, A. New-build gentrification in the post-socialist city: Łódź and Leipzig two decades after socialism. Geografie 2015, 120, 164–187. [Google Scholar]
- Wiest, K.; Hill, A. Gentrification in ostdeutschen Cityrandgebieten? Theoretische Überlegungen zum empirischen Forschungsstand. Ber. Dtsch. Landeskd. 2004, 78, 25–39. [Google Scholar]
- Marcuse, P. Gentrification, Abandonment, and Displacement: Connections, Causes, and Policy Responses in New York City. J. Urban Contemp. Law 1985, 28, 195–240. [Google Scholar]
- Bolte, G.; Bunge, C.; Hornberg, C.; Köckler, H.; Mielck, A. (Eds.) Umweltgerechtigkeit. Chancengleichheit bei Umwelt und Gesundheit: Konzepte, Datenlage und Handlungsperspektiven; Hans Huber: Bern, Germany, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- BMUB (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit) (Ed.) Quartiersmanagement Soziale Stadt. Eine Arbeitshilfe für die Umsetzung vor Ort; BMUB: Berlin, Germany, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Hoffmann, A.; Gruehn, D. Bedeutung von Freiräumen und Grünflächen in Deutschen Groß- und Mittelstädten für den Wert von Grundstücken und Immobilien; LLP-Report 010; TU/LLP: Dortmund, Germany, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Liebelt, V.; Bartke, S.; Schwarz, N. Hedonic pricing analysis of the influence of urban green spaces onto residential prices: The case of Leipzig, Germany. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2018, 26, 133–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kabisch, N.; Frantzeskaki, N.; Pauleit, S.; Naumann, S.; Davis, M.; Artmann, M.; Haase, D.; Knapp, S.; Korn, H.; Stadler, J.; et al. Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: Perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action. Ecol. Soc. 2016, 21, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Haase, D.; Kabisch, S.; Haase, A.; Andersson, E.; Banzhaf, E.; Baró, F.; Brenck, M.; Fischer, L.K.; Frantzeskaki, N.; Kabisch, N.; et al. Greening cities—To be socially inclusive? About the alleged paradox of society and ecology in cities. Habitat Int. 2017, 64, 41–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keeler, B.L.; Hamel, P.; McPhearson, T.; Hamann, M.H.; Donahue, M.L.; Prado, K.A.M.; Arkema, K.K.; Bratman, G.N.; Brauman, K.A.; Finlay, J.C.; et al. Social-ecological and technological factors moderate the value of urban nature. Nat. Sustain. 2019, 2, 29–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rigolon, A.; Németh, J. Green gentrification or ‘just green enough’: Do park location, size and function affect whether a place gentrifies or not? Urban Stud. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gould, K.; Lewis, T. Green Gentrification—Urban Sustainability and the Struggle for Environmental Justice; Routledge: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Quastel, N. Political Ecologies of Gentrification. Urban Geogr. 2009, 30, 694–725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodling, E.; Green, J.; McClintock, N. Uneven development of the sustainable city: Shifting capital in Portland, Oregon. Urban Geogr. 2015, 36, 504–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Checker, M. Wiped Out by the ‘Greenwave’: Environmental Gentrification and the Paradoxical Politics of Urban Sustainability. City Soc. 2011, 23, 210–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pearsall, H. From brown to green? Assessing social vulnerability to environmental gentrification in New York City. Environ. Plan. C 2010, 28, 872–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Curran, W.; Hamilton, T. Just green enough: Contesting environmental gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Local Environ. 2012, 17, 1027–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bryson, J. The nature of gentrification. Geogr. Compass 2013, 7, 578–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- While, A.; Jonas, A.; Gibbs, D. The Environment and the Entrepreneurial City. Searching for the Urban ‚Sustainability Fix‘ in Manchester and Leeds. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 2004, 28, 549–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Essoka, J. The gentrifying effects of brownfields redevelopment. West. J. Black Stud. 2010, 34, 299–315. [Google Scholar]
- Millington, N. From urban scar to ‘park in the sky’: Terrain vague, urban design, and the remaking of New York City’s High Line Park. Environ. Plan. A 2015, 47, 2324–2338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eckerd, A. Cleaning up without clearing out? A spatial assessment of environmental gentrification. Urban Aff. Rev. 2011, 47, 31–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kern, L. From toxic wreck to crunchy chic: Environmental gentrification through the body. Environ. Plan. D 2015, 33, 67–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolch, J.R.; Byrne, J.; Newell, J.P. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2014, 125, 234–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Holm, A. Ein ökosoziales Paradoxon: Stadtumbau und Gentrifizierung. Politische Ökologie 2011, 124, 45–53. [Google Scholar]
- Banzhaf, H.; McCormick, E. Moving beyond Cleanup: Identifying the Crucibles of Environmental Gentrification; Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series: Working Paper 07-29.05; Georgia State University Atlanta: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Pearsall, H. Moving out or moving in? Resilience to environmental gentrification in New York City. Local Environ. 2012, 17, 1013–1026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dale, A.; Newman, L. Sustainable development for some: Green urban development and affordability. Local Environ. 2009, 14, 669–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaffé, E. How Parks Gentrify Neighborhoods, and How To Stop It. 2014. Available online: http://www.fastcodesign.com/3037135/evidence/how-parks-gentrify-neighborhoods-and-how-to-stop-it (accessed on 24 November 2018).
- Pearsall, H. The contested future of Philadelphia’s Reading Viaduct: Blight, neighborhood amenity or global attraction? In Just Green Enough: Urban Development and Environmental Gentrification; Curran, W., Hamilton, T., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK, 2017; pp. 197–208. [Google Scholar]
- Anguelovski, I. From Toxic Sites to Parks as (Green) LULUs? New challenges of inequity, Privilege, Gentrification, and Exclusion for Urban Environmental Justice. J. Plan. Lit. 2016, 31, 23–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pearsall, H.; Anguelovski, I. Contesting and Resisting Environmental Gentrification: Responses to New Paradoxes and Challenges for Urban Environmental Justice. Sociol. Res. Online 2016, 21, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Haase, A.; Rink, D. Inner-city transformation between reurbanization and gentrification: Leipzig, eastern Germany. Geografie 2015, 120, 226–250. [Google Scholar]
- Rink, D.; Haase, A.; Bernt, M.; Arndt, T.; Ludwig, J. Urban Shrinkage in Leipzig, Germany; Research Report, EU 7 FP Project Shrink Smart (Contract No. 225193), WP2. UFZ Report 1/2011; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ: Leipzig, Germany, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Rink, D.; Behne, S. Grüne Zwischennutzungen in der wachsenden Stadt: Die Gestattungsvereinbarung in Leipzig. Stat. Quart. 2017, 1, 39–44. [Google Scholar]
- Grossmann, K.; Arndt, T.; Haase, A.; Rink, D.; Steinführer, A. The influence of housing oversupply on residential segregation. Exploring the post-socialist city of Leipzig. Urban Geogr. 2015, 36, 550–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rink, D. Housing market and housing policy in Leipzig, presentation. 2019; unpublished. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Leipzig. Wohnungspolitisches Konzept der Stadt Leipzig; Fortschreibung 2015; Stadt Leipzig: Leipzig, Germany, 2015; Available online: http://www.leipzig.de/fileadmin/mediendatenbank/leipzig-de/Stadt/02.6_Dez6_Stadtentwicklung_Bau/61_Stadtplanungsamt/Stadtentwicklung/Leipzig_weiter_denken/Wohnen/Entwurf_Wohnungspolitisches_Konzept.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2019).
- Stadt Leipzig. Monitoringbericht Wohnen 2018. 2019. Available online: https://static.leipzig.de/fileadmin/mediendatenbank/leipzig-de/Stadt/02.6_Dez6_Stadtentwicklung_Bau/61_StaStadtplanungs/Stadtentwicklung/Monitoring/Monitoting_Wohnen/Monitoringbericht_Wohnen_2018.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2019).
- Stadt Leipzig. Lebendig Grüne Stadt am Wasser (Green Space Strategy); Stadt Leipzig: Leipzig, Germany, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Leipzig. Konzeptioneller Stadtteilplan Leipziger Osten (KSP Ost). Stadt umbauen! In Beiträge zur Stadtentwicklung 38; Stadt Leipzig: Leipzig, Germany, 2001; Available online: http://www.leipziger-osten.de/fileadmin/UserFileMounts/Redakteure/Inhaltsbilder/Stadtumbau/KSP_LeipzigerOsten.pdf (accessed on 19 September 2019).
- Stadt Leipzig. Integriertes Stadtentwicklungskonzept Leipziger Osten (STEK LeO). 2013. Available online: https://www.leipzig.de/fileadmin/mediendatenbank/leipzig-de/Stadt/02.6_Dez6_Stadtentwicklung_Bau/64_Amt_fuer_Stadterneuerung_und_Wohnungsbaufoerderung/Leipziger_Osten_Fotos/Publikationen/Broschuere_Integriertes_Stadtentwicklungskonzept_Leipzig.pdf (accessed on 19 October 2019).
- Stadt Leipzig. Teilaufhebung der Sanierungssatzung‚ Leipzig-Reudnitz‘ Vorgesehen. 2015. Available online: http://www.leipzig.de/news/news/teilaufhebung-dersanierungssatzung-leipzig-reudnitz-vorgesehen/ (accessed on 30 March 2017).
- Stadtarchiv Leipzig. ‘Eilenburger Bahnhof‘ around 1947; Photo Collection Signature: BA 1983/16747; Stadtarchiv Leipzig: Leipzig, Germany, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Leipzig. Masterplan Parkbogen Ost. 2017. Available online: http://www.leipzig.de/fileadmin/mediendatenbank/leipzig-de/Stadt/02.6_Dez6_Stadtentwicklung_Bau/64_Amt_fuer_Stadterneuerung_und_Wohnungsbaufoerderung/Projekte/Flyer_Broschueren_PDFs/Parkbogen_Ost/Parkbogen_Ost_Masterplan.pdf (accessed on 19 October 2019).
- BBSR (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung). Neuer Freiraum auf innerstädtischer Bahnbrache. Leipzig-Reudnitz: ‘Stadtteilpark Reudnitz’. 2008. Available online: https://www.nationale-stadtentwicklungspolitik.de/NSP/SharedDocs/Projekte/WSProjekte_DE/Leipzig_Reudnitz_Stadtteilpark_Reudnitz.html (accessed on 12 October 2019).
- Stadt Leipzig. Statistischer Quartalsbericht III/2016 [09/16]; Leipziger Statistik und Stadtforschung; Stadt Leipzig: Leipzig, Germany, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Richter, B.; Grunewald, K.; Meinel, G. Analyse von Wegedistanzen in Städten zur Verifizierung des Ökosystemleistungsindikators, Erreichbarkeit städtischer Grünflächen‘. AGIT J. Angew. Geoinformatik 2016, 2, 472–480. [Google Scholar]
- WHO Europe (World Health Organization). Urban Green Spaces and Health. A Review of Evidence; WHO Regional Office for Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Amt für Statistik und Wahlen Leipzig. Ortsteilkatalog 2018. Strukturdaten der Ortsteile und Stadtbezirke. 2019. Available online: https://static.leipzig.de/fileadmin/mediendatenbank/leipzig-de/Stadt/02.1_Dez1_Allgemeine_Verwaltung/12_Statistik_und_Wahlen/Raumbezug/Ortsteilkatalog/Ortsteilkatalog_2018.pdf (accessed on 13 October 2019).
- SystemImmo. Immobilien als Kapitalanlage. Leipzig. 2016. Available online: https://www.systemimmo.de/leipzig-iq-apartments (accessed on 5 June 2016).
- Capital. Immobilienpreise und Mietspiegel: Leipzig-Reudnitz-Thonberg. Immobilien-Kompass-Karte. 2016. Available online: http://www.capital.de/immobilien-kompass/leipzig/suedost/reudnitz-thonberg.html (accessed on 28 December 2016).
- Rometsch, J. Hohe Mieten im Neubau. Leipzig Wächst Jedes Jahr um 3000 Wohnungen—Aber Das Reicht Noch Nicht. Leipziger Volkszeitung. 22 March 2017. Available online: http://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Lokales/Leipzig-waechstjedes-Jahr-um-3000-Wohnungen-aber-das-reicht-noch-nicht (accessed on 22 March 2017).
- Immaxi Immobilien. Leipzig Reudnitz: Pulsierender Stadtteil Östlich der City. 2017. Available online: http://www.immaxi.de/reudnitz (accessed on 2 February 2017).
- Immaxi Immobilien. Immobilien Entwicklung 2019 in Leipzig. 2019. Available online: https://www.immaxi.de/immobilien-trend-2019 (accessed on 27 September 2019).
- PISA Immobilienmanagement (Ed.) Marktbericht 2016. Der Wohnungsmarkt in Leipzig. Miete-Wohneigentum-Investment; W&R Media KG: Leipzig, Germany, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Amt für Statistik und Wahlen Leipzig. Kommunale Bürgerumfrage 2017. Ergebnisbericht. 2018. Available online: https://static.leipzig.de/fileadmin/mediendatenbank/leipzig-de/Stadt/02.1_Dez1_Allgemeine_Verwaltung/12_Statistik_und_Wahlen/Stadtforschung/Buergerumfrage2017.pdf (accessed on 20 September 2019).
- Amt für Statistik und Wahlen Leipzig. Leipzig-Informationssystem LIS: Kommunale Bürgerumfragen. 2019. Available online: http://statistik.leipzig.de/statpubl/index.aspx?cat=2&rub=1&obj=0 (accessed on 23 September 2019).
- Holl, J. Leipzig Instead of Berlin. New York Magazine, 25 October 2013. Available online: http://nymag.com/nymag/travel/leipzig/(accessed on 12 January 2017).
- Raymunt, M. From Leipzig to Hypezig—Hipsters eye new playground. Chicago Tribune, 21 February 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Immobilien Scout. Immobiliensuche. Reudnitz-Thonberg. 2016. Available online: https://www.immobilienscout24.de/Suche/S-T/Wohnung-Miete/Sachsen/Leipzig/Reudnitz-Thonberg?enteredFrom=one_step_search (accessed on 16 November 2016).
- PWIB Wohnungs-Infobörse. Entwicklung der Immobilienpreise für Wohnungen in Leipzig. 2016. Available online: http://www.wohnungsboerse.net/mietspiegel-Leipzig/7390 (accessed on 1 November 2016).
- Immobilien Scout. Mietpreisentwicklung für Wohnungen. 2019. Available online: https://atlas.immobilienscout24.de/orte/deutschland/sachsen/leipzig/reudnitz-thonberg?marketingFocus=APARTMENT_RENT#/preisentwicklung (accessed on 2 October 2019).
- Bunce, S. Sustainability Policy, Planning and Gentrification in Cities; Routledge: London, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Stadt Leipzig. Gebietsbezogenes Integriertes Handlungskonzept EFRE. Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung Leipziger Osten; Stadt Leipzig: Leipzig, Germany, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Pearsall, H. New Directions in Urban Environmental/Green Gentrification Research. In The Handbook of Gentrification Studies; Lees, L., Phillips, M., Eds.; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham/Northampton, UK, 2018; pp. 329–345. [Google Scholar]
- Amt für Statistik und Wahlen Leipzig. Statistischer Quartalsbericht IV/2016 [4/17]. Leipziger Statistik und Stadtforschung. 2017. Available online: https://static.leipzig.de/fileadmin/mediendatenbank/leipzig-de/Stadt/02.1_Dez1_Allgemeine_Verwaltung/12_Statistik_und_Wahlen/Statistik/Statistischer_Quartalsbericht_Leipzig_2016_4.pdf (accessed on 2 October 2019).
- Goossens, C. ‘They Have Ruined Everything’: Green Gentrification in Ghent, Belgium. Sociol. Urbana e Rural. 2019, 119, 62–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
1 | Wilhelminian-style building stock means buildings erected in the period between the 1870 and 1914. |
2 | In this study, which focuses on greening (strategies) and urban green spaces, we find the term “green gentrification” to be the most appropriate, but use it in line with other terms such as eco-/ecological gentrification and environmental gentrification. |
3 | For the data sources used for these and all other calculations see Leipzig Informationssystem LIS: https://statistik.leipzig.de/statdist/index.aspx (see also chapter methods, Table 1). |
4 | All interview quotes are translated by the authors. |
5 | The base rent is the net rent for an apartment without additional costs such as heating or water, whereas total rent includes these additional costs. |
6 | The housing advertisement analysis provides rent data on a smaller scale, but as they explicitly aim to point out the role of LVP in the neighborhood development, they are not shown here but in Section 4.4. |
7 | Given rents across the article sections may also vary according to the data sources and their survey method (e.g., data from the Leipzig Office for Statistics and Elections vs. data from real estate portals). |
Method | Main Emphasis | Source/Approach | Rationale |
---|---|---|---|
Literature and document analysis (qualitative) | Revitalization, reurbanization, green gentrification | Technical literature | General understanding of the debates and their interlinkages |
Urban/neighborhood development, green space development, population development, housing market | City policy and planning documents (e.g., concepts which include development challenges, goals) | Evaluation of documents on strategies and developments in the city/ LVP area (e.g., renovations, upgrading, densification and greening), and their meaning in the context of the research question | |
Urban growth, “Hypezig”, gentrification as addressed by society and the media | Newspaper and magazine archives | Media coverage of the debates and societal awareness; recognizing (future) challenges | |
Secondary analysis of statistical data (quantitative) | Total population, population movement, average age, unemployment, housing market, income and rent | Data from the Leipzig Office for Statistics and Elections (city and district data 1, reports, citizen surveys): Calculation of total growth rates and average annual growth rates | Identification and evaluation of trends (before vs. after LVP opening) and interrelations of variables such as population movement/characteristics or rental prices and comparison to gentrification theory |
Rental price development | Online real estate portals, rent index | Analyzing housing market data in order to detect price trends and to assess and interpret the results of the housing advertisement analysis | |
Analysis of housing advertisements (quantitative, qualitative) | Price development and the role of LVP/urban green | GIS-based analysis of rental housing market advertisements on the online portal ImmobilienScout24 (300 m buffer around LVP, cf. Figure 1) | Evaluation of the role of green spaces/LVP for the value of apartments and its impact on rental prices and thus also for the gentrification process in general |
Site visit (qualitative) | Characterization and image of the neighborhood | (Photo) documentation of the building stock quality, type of residents, gastronomy facilities (300 m buffer around LVP, cf. Figure 1) | Identification and exploration of structural, social and symbolic upgrading as signs for gentrification around LVP and comparison to such signs in the wider area |
Semi-structured interviews with experts (qualitative) | Guidelines with focus on: 1. Urban planning/development 2. Park design and function 3. Urban research/impact analysis | Interviewees: Int.1 landscape architect, Int.2 city official (urban renewal and housing), Int.3 city official (urban green and water), Int.4 scientist (environmental economy), Int.5 scientist (urban sociology), Int.6 and Int.7 civic associations/locals | Interviews allow for in-depth exploration and an understanding of participants’ experiences and perceptions which is of major importance given the topic of gentrification and the role LVP plays in it. Interviewees were selected so as to cover a wide range of perspectives and expertise across different working fields. |
Reudnitz-Thonberg | Leipzig | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2017 | Growth Rate | 2008 | 2017 | Growth Rate | |
Net household income (median, €/month) | 1317.00 | 2038.00 | 54.75% | 1379.00 | 1767.00 | 28.14% |
Base rent (median, €/m2/month) | 4.98 | 5.61 | 12.65% | 4.98 | 5.62 | 12.85% |
Total rent (median, €/m2/month) | 6.93 | 7.49 | 8.08% | 6.92 | 7.77 | 12.28% |
In the 1990s/Beginning of the 2000s | Starting from the Mid 2000s |
---|---|
Population loss: Decline in the birth rate and emigration | Population growth: Increase in the birth rate and immigration; most immigration from outside Leipzig |
Vacancy (rate up to 20%) and decay of buildings; first renovations in the area surrounding the park | Renovated building stock (vacancy rate of less than 2% since 2010); new construction projects; growing and target group-oriented gastronomic offers |
Low rents (around €4.50/m2 base rent in 2002, new rentals) | Moderate but rising rents (around €7.50/m2 base rent in 2018, new rentals) and increased home ownership |
Former industrial working-class district with high population density; low-income households | Socially mixed population, but with increasing average income; rejuvenation and studentification |
Many brownfield sites, only a few designed green spaces | Brownfield redevelopment: Creation of interim green areas, urban gardening, new parks, Parkbogen Ost green belt concept, new construction sites |
Rather unknown, unpopular neighborhood | Attractive residential area with vastly improved image (particularly close to the park); especially popular among students and young families |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ali, L.; Haase, A.; Heiland, S. Gentrification through Green Regeneration? Analyzing the Interaction between Inner-City Green Space Development and Neighborhood Change in the Context of Regrowth: The Case of Lene-Voigt-Park in Leipzig, Eastern Germany. Land 2020, 9, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9010024
Ali L, Haase A, Heiland S. Gentrification through Green Regeneration? Analyzing the Interaction between Inner-City Green Space Development and Neighborhood Change in the Context of Regrowth: The Case of Lene-Voigt-Park in Leipzig, Eastern Germany. Land. 2020; 9(1):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9010024
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Lena, Annegret Haase, and Stefan Heiland. 2020. "Gentrification through Green Regeneration? Analyzing the Interaction between Inner-City Green Space Development and Neighborhood Change in the Context of Regrowth: The Case of Lene-Voigt-Park in Leipzig, Eastern Germany" Land 9, no. 1: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9010024