Agriculture on the Brink: Climate Change, Labor and Smallholder Farming in Botswana
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Context in the Literature
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Food Insecurity
3.2. Agriculture, Poverty and Botswana’s Political Economy
3.2.1. Cattle
3.2.2. Diamonds
3.2.3. Eco-Tourism
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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- 1This index is based on three factors: exposure to extreme climate-related events; the sensitivity of populations, in terms of health, education, agricultural dependence and available infrastructure; and the adaptive capacity of countries to combat the impacts of climate change.
- 2COMESA-EAC-SADC stands for: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa—East African Community—Southern African Development Community.
- 3The term ‘political agronomy’ refers to the study of relationships and processes which link political, economic and social forces and factors to the creation and use of agronomic knowledge and technology [16].
- 4Feminist political ecology explores the role of gender in the political ecological landscape. These scholars see gender roles as socially constructed, yet important to consider when examining human-environment interactions. Such scholars have explored resource use, agrarian reconstruction and rural-urban transformation, among other topics [36].
No. | Occurrence Questions |
---|---|
1. | In the past four weeks, did you worry that your household would not have enough food? |
2. | In the past four weeks, were you or any household member not able to eat the kinds of foods you preferred because of a lack of resources? |
3. | In the past four weeks, did you or any household member have to eat a limited variety of foods due to lack of resources? |
4. | In the past four weeks, did you or any household member have to eat some foods that you really did not want to eat because of a lack of resources to obtain other types of food? |
5. | In the past four weeks, did you or any household member have to eat a smaller meal than you felt you needed because there was not enough food? |
6. | In the past four weeks, did you or any household member have to eat fewer meals in a day because there was not enough food? |
7. | In the past four weeks, was there ever no food to eat of any kind in your household because of a lack of resources to get food? |
8. | In the past four weeks, did you or any household member go to sleep at night hungry because there was not enough food? |
9. | In the past four weeks, did you or any household member go a whole day and night without eating anything because there was not enough food? |
Sample Size | Demographic | Mean per Capita Income per Day | Percent Income Spent on Food | Food Security | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pula | USD | HFIA Score | Qualitative | |||
89 | All Urban | 25.5 | $3.55 | 35% | 2.8 | Moderate |
30 | Urban lower tercile | 1.71 | $.24 | 38% | 2.9 | Moderate |
30 | Urban middle tercile | 16.9 | $2.35 | 35% | 2.9 | Moderate |
29 | Urban upper tercile | 59.14 | $8.21 | 31% | 2.5 | Moderate |
30 | Peri-urban | 40.1 | $5.56 | 26% | 2.8 | Moderate |
39 | Rural | 12 | $1.67 | 61% | 3.2 | Moderate |
Sample Size | Demographic | Food Secure | Mild Food Insecurity | Moderate Food Insecurity | Severe Food Insecurity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
89 | Urban | 24% | 20% | 12% | 44% |
30 | Peri-Urban | 27% | 7% | 23% | 43% |
39 | Rural | 18% | 6% | 19% | 57% |
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Moseley, W.G. Agriculture on the Brink: Climate Change, Labor and Smallholder Farming in Botswana. Land 2016, 5, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/land5030021
Moseley WG. Agriculture on the Brink: Climate Change, Labor and Smallholder Farming in Botswana. Land. 2016; 5(3):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/land5030021
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoseley, William G. 2016. "Agriculture on the Brink: Climate Change, Labor and Smallholder Farming in Botswana" Land 5, no. 3: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/land5030021
APA StyleMoseley, W. G. (2016). Agriculture on the Brink: Climate Change, Labor and Smallholder Farming in Botswana. Land, 5(3), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/land5030021