Landscape and Local Controls of Insect Biodiversity in Conservation Grasslands: Implications for the Conservation of Ecosystem Service Providers in Agricultural Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Region
2.2. Insect Sampling
2.3. Vegetation Sampling
2.4. Landscape Variables
2.5. Functional Groups of Bees and Beetles
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Species Richness
Response | Model Variables | Coefficient | AICc | ΔAICc | Deviance | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bee richness | Forb cover | +0.43 | −8.4 | 10.7 | 0.021 | <0.0001 |
June | Semi-natural 525 m | +1.01 | ||||
Forest 525 m | +0.51 | |||||
Null | 2.3 | 0.414 | ||||
Bee richness | C3 grass cover | −0.58 | −9.9 | 0.2 | 0.082 | 0.0400 |
August | Null | −9.7 | 0.123 | |||
Beetle richness | Forest 370 m | −0.60 | 6.5 | 0.3 | 0.412 | 0.0300 |
June | Null | 6.7 | 0.649 | |||
Beetle richness | Shannon diversity 525 m | +0.62 | −11.2 | 15.2 | 0.039 | <0.0001 |
August | Semi-natural 260 m | +0.53 | ||||
Null | 4.0 | 0.494 |
3.2. Bee Functional Groups
Response | Predictor Variables | Coefficient | AICc | ΔAICc | Deviance | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
June | ||||||
Social, large | 1. Intensive agriculture 525 m | −0.74 | 30.99 | 3.8 | 4.78 | 0.002 |
2. Semi-natural 740 m | +0.67 | 33.1 | 1.7 | 5.90 | 0.01 | |
Null | 34.79 | 10.73 | ||||
Solitary, large | 1. Semi-natural 260 m | +0.70 | 38.8 | 2.4 | 10.4 | 0.006 |
2. Shannon diversity 740 m | +0.68 | 39.1 | 1.3 | 10.8 | 0.008 | |
Null | 41.2 | 20.2 | ||||
Social, small | 1. Intensive agriculture 740 m | −0.71 | 38.9 | 2.8 | 10.6 | 0.004 |
2. Semi-natural 185 m | +0.64 | 40.7 | 1.0 | 12.6 | 0.018 | |
Null | 41.7 | 21.5 | ||||
Solitary, small | 1. Semi-natural 370 m | +0.82 | 17.2 | 7.0 | 1.20 | <0.0001 |
Null | 24.2 | 3.72 | ||||
August | ||||||
Social, large | Null* | 26.8 | 1.3 | 4.83 | ||
1. Flower density | +0.51 | 28.1 | 3.59 | 0.097 | ||
Solitary, large | 1. Extensive agriculture 525 m | −0.56 | 19.4 | 7.7 | 0.82 | <0.0001 |
Forb cover | −0.61 | |||||
Null | 27.1 | 4.99 | ||||
Social, small | 1. Shannon diversity 525 m | +0.79 | 24.9 | 5.5 | 2.59 | 0.0003 |
2. Forb cover | +0.36 | 27.6 | 2.8 | 1.29 | 0.13 | |
Shannon diversity 525 m | +0.64 | |||||
Null | 30.4 | 6.91 | ||||
Solitary, small | 1. Forest 740 m | +0.61 | 14.5 | 0.5 | 0.92 | 0.028 |
Null | 15.0 | 1.48 |
3.3. Beetle Functional Groups
Response Variable | Predictor Variables | Coefficient | AICc | ΔAICc | Deviance | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
June | ||||||
Large | Null * | 21.8 | 1.3 | 2.93 | ||
(>5.5 mm) | 1. C3 grass cover | +0.51 | 23.2 | 2.18 | 0.097 | |
Small (<5.5 mm) | 1. C4 grass cover | +0.60 | 27.4 | 0.1 | 3.35 | 0.036 |
2. C4 grass cover | +1.08 | 1.98 | ||||
Shannon diversity 370 m | +0.70 | 28.2 | −0.1 | 0.004 | ||
Null | 27.5 | 5.18 | ||||
August | ||||||
Beetles (>5.5 mm) | 1. C3 grass cover | +0.74 | 20.7 | 4.8 | 0.94 | <0.0001 |
Forest 370 m | −0.65 | |||||
2. Shannon diversity 525 m | +0.72 | 22.5 | 3.0 | 2.04 | 0.003 | |
Null | 25.5 | 4.24 | ||||
Small (<5.5 mm) | 1. Patch area | +0.79 | 14.1 | 5.6 | 0.88 | 0.0002 |
2. Semi-natural 185 m | +0.78 | 14.6 | 5.1 | 0.92 | 0.0004 | |
Null | 19.7 | 2.37 |
3.4. Community Composition
Response | Predictor Variables | AICc | Pseudo F | P | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bees, June | Number flowers | −17.69 | 1.95 | 0.015 | 0.358 |
Intensive ag 525 m | |||||
Bees, August | Forb cover Shannon diversity 370 m | −20.38 | 1.70 | 0.038 | 0.327 |
Beetles, June | Forb cover | −13.51 | 1.58 | 0.046 | 0.311 |
Intensive ag 740 m | |||||
Beetles, August | Patch area | −13.47 | 1.56 | 0.028 | 0.308 |
C3 grass cover |
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Appendix
Variable | Mean | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|
Area (ha) | 4.26 | 1.19 | 17.81 |
Age (yrs) | 3.5 | 1 | 13 |
June Vegetation | |||
Flower Density (no 10 m−2) | 48.9 | 8.7 | 223.6 |
Total Cover | 1.12 | 0.70 | 1.38 |
C4 Grass Cover | 0.45 | 0.09 | 0.75 |
C3 Grass Cover | 0.04 | 0 | 0.20 |
Forb Cover | 0.45 | 0.2 | 0.84 |
August Vegetation | |||
Flower Density (no 10 m−2) | 2.94 | 1.27 | 5.41 |
Total Cover | 0.97 | 0.77 | 1.06 |
C4 Grass Cover | 0.69 | 0.39 | 0.92 |
C3 Grass Cover | 0.06 | 0 | 0.35 |
Forb Cover | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.72 |
Land Use/Land Cover Type | Mean | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|
Intensive Agriculture | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.60 |
Forest | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.60 |
Semi-natural Grassland | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.28 |
Extensive Agriculture | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.34 |
Low-Density Residential | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.28 |
High-Density Residential | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.36 |
Water/Wetland | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index | 1.34 | 1.01 | 1.61 |
Species | Family |
---|---|
Andrena wilkella (Kirby) | Andrenidae |
Apis mellifera Linnaeus | Apidae |
Bombus auricomus (Robertson) | Apidae |
Bombus bimaculatus Cresson | Apidae |
Bombus fervidus (Fabricius) | Apidae |
Bombus griseocollis (DeGeer) | Apidae |
Bombus impatiens Cresson | Apidae |
Bombus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) | Apidae |
Bombus ternarius Say | Apidae |
Bombus vagans Smith | Apidae |
Cemolobus ipomoeae Robertson | Apidae |
Ceratina calcarata Latreille | Apidae |
Ceratina dupla Say | Apidae |
Eucera hamata (Bradley) | Apidae |
Melissodes agilis Cresson | Apidae |
Melissodes bimaculata (Lepeletier) | Apidae |
Melissodes boltoniae Robertson | Apidae |
Melissodes denticulata Smith | Apidae |
Melissodes druriella (Kirby) | Apidae |
Melissodes illata Lovell & Cockerell | Apidae |
Melissodes sp A | Apidae |
Melissodes subillata LaBerge | Apidae |
Melissodes trinodis Robertson | Apidae |
Peponapsis pruinosa (Say) | Apidae |
Ptilothrix bombiformes (Cresson) | Apidae |
Svastra obliqua (Say) | Apidae |
Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus) | Apidae |
Hylaeus affinis (Smith) | Colletidae |
Hylaeus mesillae (Cockerell) | Colletidae |
Agapostemon virescens (Fabricius) | Halictidae |
Auglochloropsis metallica (Fabricius) | Halictidae |
Augochlora pura (Say) | Halictidae |
Augochlorella aurata (Smith) | Halictidae |
Augochlorella persimilis (Vierick) | Halictidae |
Halictus confusus Smith | Halictidae |
Halictus ligatus Say | Halictidae |
Halictus parallelus Say | Halictidae |
Halictus rubicundus (Christ) | Halictidae |
Lasioglossum cinctipes (Provancher) | Halictidae |
Lasioglossum coriaceum (Smith) | Halictidae |
Lasioglossum fuscipenne (Smith) | Halictidae |
Lasioglossum sp A | Halictidae |
Lasioglossum truncatum (Robertson) | Halictidae |
Specodes sp A | Halictidae |
Heriades variolosa (Cresson) | Megachilidae |
Hoplitis pilosifrons (Cresson) | Megachilidae |
Megachile brevis Say | Megachilidae |
Megachile inimica Cresson | Megachilidae |
Species | Family |
---|---|
Chaulignathus marginatus (Fabricius) | Cantharidae |
Chaulignathus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer) | Cantharidae |
Ditemnus latibolus (Blatchley) | Cantharidae |
Podabrus sp. A | Cantharidae |
Rhaxonycha carolinus (Fabricius) | Cantharidae |
Silis percomis (Say) | Cantharidae |
Trypherus latipennis (Germar) | Cantharidae |
Acupalpus partiarius Say | Carabidae |
Acupalpus testaceus Dejean | Carabidae |
Agonum punctiforme (Say) | Carabidae |
Amphasia sericea (Harris) | Carabidae |
Anisodactylus dulcicollis (LeFerte Senectere) | Carabidae |
Anisodactylus haplomus Chaudoir | Carabidae |
Anisodactylus rusticus (Say) | Carabidae |
Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis (Fabricius) | Carabidae |
Bembidion affine Say | Carabidae |
Bembidion rapidum (LeConte) | Carabidae |
Bradycellus rupestris Say | Carabidae |
Bradycellus supplex Casey | Carabidae |
Bradycellus tantillus (Dejean) | Carabidae |
Bradycellus tantillus Dejean | Carabidae |
Chlaenius aestivus Say | Carabidae |
Clivina bipustulata (Fabricius) | Carabidae |
Colliurus pensylvanica (Linnaeus) | Carabidae |
Cymindis limbata (Dejean) | Carabidae |
Dicaelus dilatatus Say | Carabidae |
Elaphropus vivax (LeConte) | Carabidae |
Harpalus caliginosus (Fabricius) | Carabidae |
Harplus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) | Carabidae |
Lebia analis Dejean | Carabidae |
Lebia atriventris Say | Carabidae |
Lebia grandis Hentz | Carabidae |
Lebia viridis Say | Carabidae |
Leptotrachelus dorsalis (Fabricius) | Carabidae |
Notiobia sayi (Blatchley) | Carabidae |
Notiobia terminatus (Say) | Carabidae |
Ophonus puncticeps Stephens | Carabidae |
Paratachys proximus (Say) | Carabidae |
Philodes alternans (LeConte) | Carabidae |
Poecilus chalcites (Say) | Carabidae |
Poecilus lucublandus (Say) | Carabidae |
Pterostichus atratus (Newman) | Carabidae |
Scarites subterraneus Fabricius | Carabidae |
Stenolophus anceps LeConte | Carabidae |
Stenolophus comma (Fabricius) | Carabidae |
Stenolophus conjunctus (Say) | Carabidae |
Stenolophus fulginosus Dejean | Carabidae |
Stenolophus lecontei (Chaudoir) | Carabidae |
Stenolophus ochropezus (Say) | Carabidae |
Tachys oblitus Casey | Carabidae |
Zuphium americanum Dejean | Carabidae |
Phyllobaenus humeralis (Say) | Cleridae |
Placopterus thoracicus (Olivier) | Cleridae |
Brachiacantha decempustalata (Melsheimer) | Coccinellidae |
Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) | Coccinellidae |
Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer | Coccinellidae |
Cycloneda munda (Linnaeus) | Coccinellidae |
Diomus terminatus (Say) | Coccinellidae |
Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) | Coccinellidae |
Hippodamia parenthesis (Say) | Coccinellidae |
Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) | Coccinellidae |
Hyperaspis undulata (Say) | Coccinellidae |
Microweisea misella LeConte | Coccinellidae |
Nephus intrusus Horn | Coccinellidae |
Scymnus americanus Mulsant | Coccinellidae |
Pediacus depressus (Herbst) | Cucujidae |
Pediacus fuscus Erichson | Cucujidae |
Hemicrepidus bilobatus (Say) | Elateridae |
Hemicrepidus hemipodus (Say) | Elateridae |
Hemicrepidus memnonius (Herbst) | Elateridae |
Melanotus communis complex | Elateridae |
Melanotus lanei Quate | Elateridae |
Melanotus sagittarius (LeConte) | Elateridae |
Atholus americanus (Paykull) | Histeridae |
Euspilotus assimilis (Paykull) | Histeridae |
Geomysaprinus moniliatus (Casey) | Histeridae |
Margarinotus lecontei Wenzel | Histeridae |
Cryptopleurum subtile Sharp | Hydrophilidae |
Oosternum costatum Sharp | Hydrophilidae |
Tropisternus collaris (Fabricius) | Hydrophilidae |
Tropisternus lateralis (Fabricius) | Hydrophilidae |
Photinus australis Green | Lampyridae |
Photinus indictus (LeConte) | Lampyridae |
Photinus pyralis (Linneaus) | Lampyridae |
Photuris aureolucens Barber | Lampyridae |
Photuris lucicrescens Barber | Lampyridae |
Photuris pyralomima Barber | Lampyridae |
Pyractomena escostata LeConte | Lampyridae |
Epicauta atrata (Fabricius) | Meloidae |
Epicauta cinerea Werner | Meloidae |
Epicauta funebris Werner | Meloidae |
Epicauta occidentalis Werner | Meloidae |
Epicauta pennsylvanica (DeGeer) | Meloidae |
Epicauta strigosa (Gyllenhal) | Meloidae |
Attalus terminalis (Say) | Melyridae |
Collops quadrimaculatus (Fabricius) | Melyridae |
Glischrochilus fasciatus (Olivier) | Nitidulidae |
Glischrochilus quadrisignathus (Say) | Nitidulidae |
Dendroides canadensis LeConte | Pyrochroidae |
Neophyrochroa flabellata (Fabricius) | Pyrochroidae |
Macrosiagon limbata (Fabricius) | Ripiphoridae |
Ripiphorus luteipennis LeConte | Ripiphoridae |
Aleochara castaneipennis Mannerheim | Staphylinidae |
Anotylus insignitus (Gravenhorst) | Staphylinidae |
Astenus discopunctutas (Say) | Staphylinidae |
Atheta pennsylvanica Bernhauer | Staphylinidae |
Bryoporus rufescens LeConte | Staphylinidae |
Charhyphus picipennis (LeConte) | Staphylinidae |
Coproporus ventriculus (Say) | Staphylinidae |
Cordalia obscura (Gravenhorst) | Staphylinidae |
Creophilus maxillosus (Linnaeus) | Staphylinidae |
Cypha ziegleri (LeConte) | Staphylinidae |
Diestota rufescens Sharp | Staphylinidae |
Diochus schaumi Kraatz | Staphylinidae |
Drusilla canaliculata (Fabricius) | Staphylinidae |
Falagria dissecta Erichson | Staphylinidae |
Falagria sulcata (Paykull) | Staphylinidae |
Gauropterus fulgidus (Fabricius) | Staphylinidae |
Gyrophaena frosti Seevers | Staphylinidae |
Gyrophaena vitrina Casey | Staphylinidae |
Hesperus baltimorenis (Gravenhorst) | Staphylinidae |
Homalota plana (Gyllenhal) | Staphylinidae |
Leptacinus intermedius Donisthorpe | Staphylinidae |
Lobrathium collare Erichson | Staphylinidae |
Meronera venustula (Erichson) | Staphylinidae |
Neobisnius sobrinus (Erichson) | Staphylinidae |
Oxypoda schaefferi Notman | Staphylinidae |
Oxytelus laqueatus (Marsham) | Staphylinidae |
Philonthus asper Horn | Staphylinidae |
Philonthus caucasicus Nordmann | Staphylinidae |
Platydragus maculosus (Gravenhorst) | Staphylinidae |
Platydragus praelongus (Mannerheim) | Staphylinidae |
Rhexius substriatus LeConte | Staphylinidae |
Rugilus rufipes Germar | Staphylinidae |
Sepedophilus testaceus Fabricius | Staphylinidae |
Stenus alacer Casey | Staphylinidae |
Tachinus corticinus Gravenhorst | Staphylinidae |
Tachyporus elegans Horn | Staphylinidae |
Tachyporus nitidulis (Fabricius) | Staphylinidae |
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Crist, T.O.; Peters, V.E. Landscape and Local Controls of Insect Biodiversity in Conservation Grasslands: Implications for the Conservation of Ecosystem Service Providers in Agricultural Environments. Land 2014, 3, 693-718. https://doi.org/10.3390/land3030693
Crist TO, Peters VE. Landscape and Local Controls of Insect Biodiversity in Conservation Grasslands: Implications for the Conservation of Ecosystem Service Providers in Agricultural Environments. Land. 2014; 3(3):693-718. https://doi.org/10.3390/land3030693
Chicago/Turabian StyleCrist, Thomas O., and Valerie E. Peters. 2014. "Landscape and Local Controls of Insect Biodiversity in Conservation Grasslands: Implications for the Conservation of Ecosystem Service Providers in Agricultural Environments" Land 3, no. 3: 693-718. https://doi.org/10.3390/land3030693