Next Article in Journal
Revealing the Driving Factors of Land Disputes in China: New Insights from Machine Learning and Interpretable Methods
Previous Article in Journal
Urban Environment and Structure of Lithuanian Cities: Their Assessment in the Context of Climate Change and Other Potential Threats
Previous Article in Special Issue
Study on Annual Signals of Greenland Ice Sheet Mass and Associated Influencing Factors Based on GRACE/GRACE-FO Data
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Land
Volume 14
Issue 9
10.3390/land14091760
land-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Towards a Robust Framework for Navigating Flood-Related Challenges: A Comprehensive Proposal for an Advanced Flood Risk Assessment Scale in the Slovak Republic

by
Marcela Bindzarova Gergelova
1,*,
Martina Zelenakova
2,
Maria Hlinkova
2 and
Hany F. Abd-Elhamid
3,4
1
Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Geographical Information Systems, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnology, Technical University of Kosice, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
2
Institute for Sustainable and Circular Construction, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
3
Department of Water and Water Structures Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
4
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Land 2025, 14(9), 1760; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091760
Submission received: 27 June 2025 / Revised: 24 August 2025 / Accepted: 25 August 2025 / Published: 29 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning of Climate Change and Extreme Events, Hydrological Processes and Land Use Dynamics Relationships (Second Edition))
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study presents a new multi-index hierarchical model for flood risk assessment which incorporates three indicator indexes—hazard, vulnerability, and exposure—to develop a five-level risk scale. The methodology is applied to historical data on flood events in The Slovak Republic between 2001 and 2010. The input values are characterized in more detail through the use of weighted values to provide a more balanced overall risk assessment. The original formula used to calculate the risk levels was found to produce results with overly high numerical values, and therefore the multiplication step of the formula was replaced by addition to insure greater simplicity and ease of use. This refined methodology introduces a novel quantitative approach to risk assessment, offering flexibility and variability in the indicator layer. The methodology can be adapted to assess risk at either the macro or micro scale and at more specific periods of time. The resulting risk values offer a nuanced understanding of risk levels across different indexes and underscores the method’s innovation.
Keywords: flood risk; assessment scale; hazard; vulnerability; exposure flood risk; assessment scale; hazard; vulnerability; exposure

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gergelova, M.B.; Zelenakova, M.; Hlinkova, M.; F. Abd-Elhamid, H. Towards a Robust Framework for Navigating Flood-Related Challenges: A Comprehensive Proposal for an Advanced Flood Risk Assessment Scale in the Slovak Republic. Land 2025, 14, 1760. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091760

AMA Style

Gergelova MB, Zelenakova M, Hlinkova M, F. Abd-Elhamid H. Towards a Robust Framework for Navigating Flood-Related Challenges: A Comprehensive Proposal for an Advanced Flood Risk Assessment Scale in the Slovak Republic. Land. 2025; 14(9):1760. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091760

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gergelova, Marcela Bindzarova, Martina Zelenakova, Maria Hlinkova, and Hany F. Abd-Elhamid. 2025. "Towards a Robust Framework for Navigating Flood-Related Challenges: A Comprehensive Proposal for an Advanced Flood Risk Assessment Scale in the Slovak Republic" Land 14, no. 9: 1760. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091760

APA Style

Gergelova, M. B., Zelenakova, M., Hlinkova, M., & F. Abd-Elhamid, H. (2025). Towards a Robust Framework for Navigating Flood-Related Challenges: A Comprehensive Proposal for an Advanced Flood Risk Assessment Scale in the Slovak Republic. Land, 14(9), 1760. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091760

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop