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Volume 14
Issue 8
10.3390/land14081622
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Research on Carbon Reduction Pathways: A Case Study of Kau Yi Chau Artificial Islands

by
Xingyu Liu
1,2,3,
Ming Zhang
4,5,6,
Foci Chen
4,5,6,
Yunzhe Tong
4,5,6,
Kexi Xu
7,
Zezhou Wu
1,2,3,*,
Yani Lai
1,2,3,
Yuefu Zhou
1,2,3 and
Xiangsheng Chen
1,2,3
1
State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geotechnics and Tunnelling, Shenzhen 518060, China
2
Key Laboratory for Resilient Infrastructures of Coastal Cities, Ministry of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
3
Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
4
China State Construction Engineering (Hong Kong), Hong Kong, China
5
China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation, Hong Kong, China
6
China State Construction International Holdings, Hong Kong, China
7
School of Spatial Planning and Design, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Land 2025, 14(8), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081622 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 12 July 2025 / Revised: 6 August 2025 / Accepted: 8 August 2025 / Published: 9 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Developing artificial islands is considered to be an effective solution for land scarcity and economic growth in coastal regions. However, the construction and operation of artificial islands could generate significant carbon emissions, posing challenges for low-carbon transitions. In this study, Kau Yi Chau Artificial Islands are analyzed to explore low-carbon strategies tailored to artificial island development. A carbon emission accounting framework based on urban operational processes is established, and five scenarios are developed using the LEAP model: the Baseline Scenario (BAS), Low-Demand Scenario (S1), Regular Carbon Reduction Scenario (S2), Enhanced Carbon Reduction Scenario (S3), and Deepened Carbon Reduction Scenario (S4). Energy demand and carbon emissions are systematically assessed across sectors such as buildings, transportation, solid waste, and vegetation-based carbon sinks. The results indicate that, compared to the BAS, carbon emissions in the S1, S2, S3, and S4 scenarios are reduced by 19.5%, 20.8%, 41.9%, and 54.6%, respectively. S4 is identified as the optimal development pathway for the artificial islands. The carbon reduction contributions of different sectors are analyzed, and optimization measures are proposed, providing valuable insights for low-carbon planning in artificial islands development.
Keywords: artificial islands; carbon emissions; LEAP; low carbon artificial islands; carbon emissions; LEAP; low carbon

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, X.; Zhang, M.; Chen, F.; Tong, Y.; Xu, K.; Wu, Z.; Lai, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Chen, X. Research on Carbon Reduction Pathways: A Case Study of Kau Yi Chau Artificial Islands. Land 2025, 14, 1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081622

AMA Style

Liu X, Zhang M, Chen F, Tong Y, Xu K, Wu Z, Lai Y, Zhou Y, Chen X. Research on Carbon Reduction Pathways: A Case Study of Kau Yi Chau Artificial Islands. Land. 2025; 14(8):1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081622

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Xingyu, Ming Zhang, Foci Chen, Yunzhe Tong, Kexi Xu, Zezhou Wu, Yani Lai, Yuefu Zhou, and Xiangsheng Chen. 2025. "Research on Carbon Reduction Pathways: A Case Study of Kau Yi Chau Artificial Islands" Land 14, no. 8: 1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081622

APA Style

Liu, X., Zhang, M., Chen, F., Tong, Y., Xu, K., Wu, Z., Lai, Y., Zhou, Y., & Chen, X. (2025). Research on Carbon Reduction Pathways: A Case Study of Kau Yi Chau Artificial Islands. Land, 14(8), 1622. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081622

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