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10.3390/land14020417
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Article

Exploring the Drivers of Ecosystem Service Changes from a Spatio-Temporal Perspective in Vulnerable Nanling Mountainous Areas in SE China

by
Lingyue Huang
1,2,†,
Lichen Yuan
3,†,
Meiyun Li
4,5,6,
Yongyan Xia
1,
Tingting Che
1,7,
Jianyi Liu
1,8,
Ziling Luo
1 and
Jiangang Yuan
1,*
1
School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
2
School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
3
Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA
4
School of Management, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou 510520, China
5
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao National Center for Applied Mathematics, Guangzhou 510275, China
6
School of Business, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
7
College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
8
Shenzhen Urban Planning and Land Resource Research Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Land 2025, 14(2), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020417
Submission received: 28 December 2024 / Revised: 26 January 2025 / Accepted: 5 February 2025 / Published: 17 February 2025
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Abstract

Mountains support many kinds of ecosystem services (ESs) for human beings, emphasizing the need to understand the characteristics and drivers of ES changes in mountainous regions. In this study, Nanling, the most significant mountains of southern China, was selected as a case study. Utilizing the GlobeLand30 dataset, we employed InVEST, Geodetector and MGWR to identify the spatio-temporal characteristics and drivers of ES changes, investigate trade-offs and synergies between ESs, and examine the relationship between ESs and the landscape ecological risk index (LERI) to provide a new perspective for ecosystem management in vulnerable mountain regions. The results showed that carbon storage (CS) and habitat quality (HQ) slightly decreased, while the water yield (WY) increased slightly. Soil conservation (SC) significantly decreased, but the total ES (TES) slightly increased. All ES bundles demonstrated a synergistic relationship, but most of the synergies exhibited a decreasing trend. The ESs in the study area were mainly affected by climate factors, and anthropogenic factors also had a significant impact on ESs. LERI exhibited a negative correlation with the provision of ESs and demonstrated a high explanatory power for ES changes, especially for CS, HQ and TES, suggesting that areas with more stable landscape patterns are likely to harbor greater levels of ESs. The results provide insights into the analysis of the characteristics of ES change in vulnerable mountainous areas, also providing the practical implications for introducing LERI as a driver for ES change.
Keywords: ecosystem services; drivers; land use/land cover; landscape ecological risk index; vulnerable mountainous area ecosystem services; drivers; land use/land cover; landscape ecological risk index; vulnerable mountainous area

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MDPI and ACS Style

Huang, L.; Yuan, L.; Li, M.; Xia, Y.; Che, T.; Liu, J.; Luo, Z.; Yuan, J. Exploring the Drivers of Ecosystem Service Changes from a Spatio-Temporal Perspective in Vulnerable Nanling Mountainous Areas in SE China. Land 2025, 14, 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020417

AMA Style

Huang L, Yuan L, Li M, Xia Y, Che T, Liu J, Luo Z, Yuan J. Exploring the Drivers of Ecosystem Service Changes from a Spatio-Temporal Perspective in Vulnerable Nanling Mountainous Areas in SE China. Land. 2025; 14(2):417. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020417

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huang, Lingyue, Lichen Yuan, Meiyun Li, Yongyan Xia, Tingting Che, Jianyi Liu, Ziling Luo, and Jiangang Yuan. 2025. "Exploring the Drivers of Ecosystem Service Changes from a Spatio-Temporal Perspective in Vulnerable Nanling Mountainous Areas in SE China" Land 14, no. 2: 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020417

APA Style

Huang, L., Yuan, L., Li, M., Xia, Y., Che, T., Liu, J., Luo, Z., & Yuan, J. (2025). Exploring the Drivers of Ecosystem Service Changes from a Spatio-Temporal Perspective in Vulnerable Nanling Mountainous Areas in SE China. Land, 14(2), 417. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020417

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