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Article

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Green Infrastructure along the Urban-Rural Gradient of the Cities of Bujumbura, Kinshasa and Lubumbashi

by
Henri Kabanyegeye
1,2,
Nadège Cizungu Cirezi
2,3,
Héritier Khoji Muteya
2,4,
Didier Mbarushimana
5,
Léa Mukubu Pika
2,
Waselin Salomon
2,6,
Yannick Useni Sikuzani
4,
Kouagou Raoul Sambieni
7,8,
Tatien Masharabu
1 and
Jan Bogaert
2,*
1
Research Centre of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Burundi, Bujumbura P.O. Box 2700, Burundi
2
Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
3
Department of Environment and Land Resources Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, Evangelical University in Africa, Bukavu P.O. Box 3323, Democratic Republic of the Congo
4
Ecology, Ecological Restoration and landscape Research Unit, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi P.O. Box 1825, Democratic Republic of the Congo
5
Burundian Office for Environmental Protection, Bujumbura P.O. Box 2757, Burundi
6
Henri Christophe Campus in Limonade, State University of Haiti, Rte Nationale #6 Limonade, Limonade 1130, Haiti
7
Post-University Regional School of Integrated Planning and Management of Tropical Forests and Territories (ERAIFT), University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa BP 15373, Democratic Republic of the Congo
8
Faculty of Architecture, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi BP 1825, Democratic Republic of the Congo
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Land 2024, 13(9), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091467
Submission received: 23 July 2024 / Revised: 20 August 2024 / Accepted: 28 August 2024 / Published: 10 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem Services and Urban Green Spaces: Planning, Policy Development and Governance Implications)
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Abstract

This study analyses the dynamics of green infrastructure (GI) in the cities of Bujumbura, Kinshasa, and Lubumbashi. A remote sensing approach, combined with landscape ecology metrics, characterized this analysis, which was based on three Landsat images acquired in 2000, 2013, and 2022 for each city. Spatial pattern indices reveal that GI was suppressed in Bujumbura and Kinshasa, in contrast to Lubumbashi, which exhibited fragmentation. Furthermore, the values of stability, aggregation, and fractal dimension metrics suggest that Bujumbura experienced rather intense dynamics and a reduction in the continuity of its GI, while Kinshasa showed weaker dynamics and tendencies towards patch aggregation during the study period. In contrast, Lubumbashi exhibited strong dynamics and aggregation of its GI within a context of significant anthropization. The evolution of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index demonstrates a sawtooth pattern in the evolution of tall vegetation patches in Bujumbura, compared to a gradual decrease in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. It is recommended that urban growth in these cities should be carefully planned to ensure the integration of sufficient GI.
Keywords: spatial analysis; remote sensing; fragmentation; green infrastructure spatial analysis; remote sensing; fragmentation; green infrastructure

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kabanyegeye, H.; Cirezi, N.C.; Muteya, H.K.; Mbarushimana, D.; Mukubu Pika, L.; Salomon, W.; Useni Sikuzani, Y.; Sambieni, K.R.; Masharabu, T.; Bogaert, J. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Green Infrastructure along the Urban-Rural Gradient of the Cities of Bujumbura, Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. Land 2024, 13, 1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091467

AMA Style

Kabanyegeye H, Cirezi NC, Muteya HK, Mbarushimana D, Mukubu Pika L, Salomon W, Useni Sikuzani Y, Sambieni KR, Masharabu T, Bogaert J. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Green Infrastructure along the Urban-Rural Gradient of the Cities of Bujumbura, Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. Land. 2024; 13(9):1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091467

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kabanyegeye, Henri, Nadège Cizungu Cirezi, Héritier Khoji Muteya, Didier Mbarushimana, Léa Mukubu Pika, Waselin Salomon, Yannick Useni Sikuzani, Kouagou Raoul Sambieni, Tatien Masharabu, and Jan Bogaert. 2024. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Green Infrastructure along the Urban-Rural Gradient of the Cities of Bujumbura, Kinshasa and Lubumbashi" Land 13, no. 9: 1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091467

APA Style

Kabanyegeye, H., Cirezi, N. C., Muteya, H. K., Mbarushimana, D., Mukubu Pika, L., Salomon, W., Useni Sikuzani, Y., Sambieni, K. R., Masharabu, T., & Bogaert, J. (2024). Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Green Infrastructure along the Urban-Rural Gradient of the Cities of Bujumbura, Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. Land, 13(9), 1467. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091467

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