European Permanent Grasslands: A Systematic Review of Economic Drivers of Change, Including a Detailed Analysis of the Czech Republic, Spain, Sweden, and UK
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The encouragement of the most appropriate management of PGs across the various biogeographic zones, to cope with current and changing climatic conditions [44];
- Understanding how the various social and economic drivers underpinning or influencing decision making regarding land management have differential impacts on PGs across regions and varying farm systems.
- What is the role of economic drivers in shaping the management of EU grassland systems?
- What are the tipping points where land use and practice might change with respect to the of provision of ESs?
- What is the role of public policy in shaping the economics of PG farming systems?
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. PG Land Use and Management Change
3.2. The Role of Public Policy in Shaping the Economics of the PG Farming System
3.3. Public Subsidy (CAP)
3.4. Agri-Environment Schemes (AES)
3.5. Less Favourable Area Payments
3.6. The Role of Economic Drivers in Shaping the Management of EU Grassland System
3.7. The Role of CAP
3.8. Agri-Environment Schemes: Shaping the Management of EU Grassland Payment by Results Schemes
3.9. Markets and The Management of EU Grassland
3.10. Premium Production
3.11. Bioenergy and Carbon Sequestration
4. Discussion
Emerging Policy Trends
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | The most recent data is from 2022 for EU-27, with PG occupying 32% of the utilised agricultural area, Eurostat. (2022). Utilised agricultural area by categories, Data Browser. [Online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tag00025/default/table?lang=en (accessed on 11 January 2024). |
References
- Ward, S.E.; Smart, S.M.; Quirk, H.; Tallowin, J.R.; Mortimer, S.R.; Shiel, R.S.; Wilby, A.; Bardgett, R.D. Legacy effects of grassland management on soil carbon to depth. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2016, 22, 2929–2938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eurostat. Utilised Agricultural Area by Categories. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/tag00025 (accessed on 23 June 2022).
- Eurostat. Glossary: Permanent Grassland—Statistics Explained. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Permanent_grassland (accessed on 20 January 2024).
- Huber, R.; Le’Clech, S.; Buchmann, N.; Finger, R. Economic value of three grassland ecosystem services when managed at the regional and farm scale. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 4194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bengtsson, J.; Bullock, J.; Egoh, B.; Everson, C.; Everson, T.; O’Connor, T.; Smith, H.G.; Lindborg, R. Grasslands—More important for ecosystem services than you might think. Ecosphere 2019, 10, e02582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anania, G.; Balmann, A.; Buckwell, A.; Bureau, J.C.; Castro, P.D.; Mambro, A.D.; Erjavec, E.; Erjavec, K.; Fertő, I.; Garrone, M.; et al. The Political Economy of the 2014–2020 Common Agricultural Policy: An Imperfect Storm; Rowman & Littlefield International: London, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Heidenreich, B. What Are Global Temperate Grasslands Worth? A Case for Their Protection. Temperate Grasslands Conservation Initiative; International Union for Conservation of Nature: Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Schils, R.L.; Bufe, C.; Rhymer, C.M.; Francksen, R.M.; Klaus, V.H.; Abdalla, M.; Milazzo, F.; Lellei-Kovács, E.; ten Berge, H.; Bertora, C.; et al. Permanent grasslands in Europe: Land use change and intensification decrease their multifunctionality. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2022, 330, 107891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milazzo, F.; Francksen, R.M.; Zavattaro, L.; Abdalla, M.; Hejduk, S.; Enri, S.R.; Pittarello, M.; Price, P.N.; Schils, R.L.; Smith, P.; et al. The role of grassland for erosion and flood mitigation in Europe: A meta-analysis. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2023, 348, 108443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steven, C.J. Recent Advances in Understanding Grasslands. 2018. Available online: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1363 (accessed on 14 January 2019).
- Van Walleghem, T. Soil Erosion and Conservation. In International Encyclopedia of Geography; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017; pp. 1–10. [Google Scholar]
- Peeters, A. Environmental Impacts and Future Challenges of Grasslands and Grassland-Based Livestock Production Systems in Europe. In Grassland: A Global Resource Perspective; Ghosh, P.K., Mahanta, S.K., Singh, J.B., Pathak, P.S., Eds.; Army Printing Press: Dehli, India, 2015; pp. 365–390. [Google Scholar]
- Kaligaric, M.; Cus, J.; Skornik, S.; Ivajnsic, D. The failure of agri-environment measures to promote and conserve grassland biodiversity in Slovenia. Land Use Policy 2019, 80, 127–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baldocchi, D.; Chu, H.; Reichstein, M. Inter-annual variability of net and gross ecosystem carbon fluxes: A review. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2018, 249, 520–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gibson, D.J. Grasses and Grassland Ecology; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- L’Ecuyer, L.; Alard, D.; Calla, S.; Coolsaet, B.; Fickel, T.; Heinsoo, K.; Henle, K.; Herzon, I.; Hodgson, I.; Quetier, F.; et al. Conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity conservation in Europe: Looking to the future by learning from the past. In The Future of Agricultural Landscapes; Part, III; Volume 65 of Advances in Ecological, Research; Bohan, D.A., Dumbrell, A.J., Vanbergen, A.J., Eds.; Academic Press: Eatontown, NJ, USA, 2021; pp. 3–56. Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065250421000209 (accessed on 14 January 2022).
- Dijk, G.V. The status of semi-natural grasslands in Europe. In Proceeding of International Seminar on the Conservation of Lowland Dry Grassland Birds in Europe, Reading, UK, 20–22 March 1991; Goriup, P.D., Batten, L.A., Norton, J.A., Eds.; Joint Nature Conservation Committee: London, UK, 1991; pp. 15–35. [Google Scholar]
- Aune, S.; Bryn, A.; Hovstad, K.A. Loss of semi-natural grassland in a boreal landscape: Impacts of agricultural intensification and abandonment. J. Land Use Sci. 2018, 13, 375–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ridding, L.E.; Redhead, J.W.; Pywell, R.F. Fate of semi-natural grassland in England between 1960 and 2013: A test of national conservation policy. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 2015, 4, 516–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyfroidt, P.; Lambin, E.F. Global Forest transition: Prospects for an end to deforestation. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2011, 36, 343–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Debonne, N.; Burgi, M.; Diogo, V.; Helfenstein, J.; Herzog, F.; Levers, C.; Mohr, F.; Swart, R.; Verburg, P. The geography of megatrends affecting European agriculture. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2022, 75, 102551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sala, O.E.; Stuart Chapin, F.; Armesto, J.J.; Berlow, E.; Bloomfield, J.; Dirzo, R.; Huber-Sanwald, E.; Huenneke, L.F. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 2000, 287, 1770–1774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ellis, E.C.; Ramankutty, N. Putting people in the map: Anthropogenic biomes of the world. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2008, 6, 439–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Penati, C.; Berentsen, P.; Tamburini, A.; Sandrucci, A.; De Boer, I. Effect of abandoning highland grazing on nutrient balances and economic performance of Italian Alpine dairy farms. Livest. Sci. 2011, 139, 142–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schirpke, U.; Kohler, M.; Leitinger, G.; Fontana, V.; Tasser, E.; Tappeiner, U. Future impacts of changing land-use and climate on ecosystem services of mountain grassland and their resilience. Ecosyst. Serv. 2017, 26, 79–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korevaar, H.; Sacco, D.; Ravetto Enri, S.; Lombardi, G.; Ten Berge, H.; Bufe, C.; Whittingham, M.; Smith, P.; Vanwalleghem, T.; Lellei-Kovács, E.; et al. Characterising permanent grassland-based farming systems in Europe. In Improving Sown Grasslands through Breeding and Management, Proceedings of the Joint 20th Symposium of the European Grassland Federation and the 33rd Meeting of the EUCARPIA Section ‘Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses’, Zürich, Switzerland, 24–27 June 2019; Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2019; pp. 164–166. [Google Scholar]
- Hunter, E.; Quatrini, S.; Lieberher, E.; Tindale, S.; Sanchez, Z.; Gallardo, C.; Miskolci, S.; Johansson, C.; Nybom, J.; Cano, V.; et al. The Effectiveness of Policies Promoting Sustainable Permanent Grasslands Across Five European Countries (Representing five Biogeographic Regions): Mapping, Understanding, and Key Stakeholder Perceptions; WP4, Deliverable 41 c, SUPER-G (Sustainable Permanent Grassland Systems and Policies), EC Project Number 774124-2; Newcastle University: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Baker, J. The Gilded Green Cage: Swiss Agricultural Policy and Lessons for Brexit Britain. 2017. Available online: https://www.brexitenvironment.co.uk/2017/09/19/swiss-agricultural-policy-lessons-brexit/ (accessed on 15 January 2019).
- DEFRA, UK. Environmental Land Management Scheme. 2020. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/environmental-land-management-update-how-government-will-pay-for-land-based-environment-and-climate-goods-and-services/environmental-land-management-elm-update-how-government-will-pay-for-land-based-environment-and-climate-goods-and-services (accessed on 23 June 2022).
- European Commission. Common Agricultural Policy Overview. Available online: https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview/cap-2023-27_en (accessed on 23 June 2023).
- Gocht, A.; Ciaian, P.; Bielza, M.; Terres, J.M.; Roder, N.; Himics, M.; Salputra, G. EU-wide economic and environmental impacts of CAP greening with high spatial and farm-type detail. J. Agric. Econ. 2017, 68, 651–681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Court of Auditors. Greening: A More Complex Income Support Scheme, Not Yet Environmentally Effective. 2017. Available online: https://eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/SR17_21/SR_GREENING_EN.pdf (accessed on 23 June 2023).
- Pe’er, G.; Dicks, L.V.; Visconti, P.; Arlettaz, R.; B’aldi, A.; Benton, T.G.; Collins, S.; Dieterich, M.; Gregory, R.D.; Hartig, F.; et al. EU agricultural reform fails on biodiversity. Science 2014, 344, 1090–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Commission. Regulation (EU) 2018/1091 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 July 2018 on Integrated Farm Statistics and Repealing Regulations (EC) No 1166/2008 and (EU) No 1337/2011. 2018. Available online: EUR-Lex-02018R1091-20211222-EN-EUR-Lex (accessed on 23 June 2023).
- Fynn, R.; Jackson, J. Grazing management on commercial cattle ranches: Incorporating foraging ecology and biodiversity conservation principles. Rangelands 2022, 44, 136–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wells, H.B.M.; Crego, R.D.; Ekadeli, J.; Namoni, M.; Kimuyu, D.M.; Odadi, W.O.; Porensky, L.M.; Dougill, A.J.; Stringer, L.C.; Young, T.P. Less Is More: Lowering Cattle Stocking Rates Enhances Wild Herbivore Habitat Use and Cattle Foraging Efficiency. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2022, 10, 825689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaltenborn, B.P.; Bjerke, T. Associations between environmental value orientations and landscape preferences. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2002, 59, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blackstock, K.L.; Ingram, J.; Burton, R.; Brown, K.M.; Slee, B. Understanding and influencing behaviour change by farmers to improve water quality. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 5631–5638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pavlis, E.S.; Terkenli, T.S.; Kristensen, S.B.; Busck, A.G.; Cosor, G.L. Patterns of agri-environmental scheme participation in Europe: Indicative trends from selected case studies. Land Use Policy 2016, 57, 800–812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osterburg, B.; Isermeyer, F.; Lassen, B.; Roder, N. Impact of economic and political drivers on grassland use in the EU. Grassl. Sci. Eur. 2010, 15, 14–28. [Google Scholar]
- Velthof, G.; Lesschen, J.; Schils, R.; Smit, A.; Elbersen, B.; Hazeu, G.; Mucher, C.A.; Oenema, O. Grassland areas, production, and use. Lot 2. In Methodological Studies in the Field of Agro-Environmental Indicators; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Eppink, F.V.; Werntze, A.; Mas, S.; Popp, A.; Seppelt, R. Land management and ecosystem services how collaborative research programmes can support better policies. GAIA-Ecol. Perspect. Sci. Soc. 2012, 21, 55–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maes, J.; Egoh, B.; Willemen, L.; Liquete, C.; Vihervaara, P.; Schagner, J.P.; Grizzetti, B.; Drakou, E.G.; La Notte, A.; Zulian, G.; et al. Mapping ecosystem services for policy support and decision making in the European Union. Ecosyst. Serv. 2012, 1, 31–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cole, A.J.; Griffiths, R.I.; Ward, S.E.; Whitaker, J.; Ostle, N.J.; Bardgett, R.D. Grassland biodiversity restoration increases resistance of carbon fluxes to drought. J. Appl. Ecol. 2019, 56, 1806–1816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peter, M.; Edwards, P.J.; Jeanneret, P.; Kampmann, D.; Luscher, A. Changes over three decades in the floristic composition of fertile permanent grasslands in the Swiss Alps. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2008, 125, 204–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pellaton, R.; Lellei-Kovács, E.; Báldi, A. Cultural ecosystem services in European grasslands: A systematic review of threats. Ambio 2022, 51, 2462–2477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benton, T.; Fairweather, D.; Graves, A.; Harris, J.; Jones, A.; Lenton, T.; Norman, R.; O’Riordan, T.; Pope, E.; Tiffin, R. Environmental tipping points and food system dynamics: Main report. In The Global Food Security Programme; UK government: London, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Plieninger, T.; Draux, H.; Fagerholm, N.; Bieling, C.; Burgi, M.; Kizos, T.; Kuemmerle, T.; Primdahl, J.; Verburg, P.H. The driving forces of landscape change in Europe: A systematic review of the evidence. Land Use Policy 2016, 57, 204–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koutsos, T.M.; Menexes, G.C.; Dordas, C.A. An efficient framework for conducting systematic literature reviews in agricultural sciences. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 682, 106–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harzing, A.W.; Alakangas, S. Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science: A longitudinal and cross-disciplinary comparison. Scientometrics 2016, 106, 787–804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Godin, K.; Stapleton, J.; Kirkpatrick, S.I.; Hanning, R.M.; Leatherdale, S.T. Applying systematic review search methods to the grey literature: A case study examining guidelines for school-based breakfast programs in Canada. Syst. Rev. 2015, 4, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D.G.; Group, P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 2009, 151, 264–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kizeková, M.; Hopkins, A.; Kanianska, R.; Makovníková, J.; Pollák, Š.; Pálka, B. Changes in the area of permanent grassland and its implications for the provision of bioenergy: Slovakia as a case study. Grass Forage Sci. 2018, 73, 218–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, M. An Investigation into Policies Affecting Europe’s Semi-Natural Grasslands; A Report by The Grasslands Trust Commissioned by the European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism, (1097893); The Grasslands Trust: Eastleigh, UK, 2010; Volume 35, pp. 1–35. [Google Scholar]
- Jones, N.; Fleskens, L.; Stroosnijder, L. Targeting the impact of agri-environmental policy–Future scenarios in two less favoured areas in Portugal. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 181, 805–816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gueringer, A.; Rapey, H.; Houdart, M.; Bigot, G.; Josien, E.; Landre, F. Adaptability through spatial management: A case study of livestock farms in the Massif Central, France. Outlook Agric. 2009, 38, 111–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Battaglini, L.; Bovolenta, S.; Gusmeroli, F.; Salvador, S.; Sturaro, E. Environmental sustainability of Alpine livestock farms. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2014, 13, 3155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tasser, E.; Walde, J.; Tappeiner, U.; Teutsch, A.; Noggler, W. Land-use changes and natural reforestation in the Eastern Central Alps. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007, 118, 115–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solovyeva, I.; Nuppenau, E.A. Environmental Efficiency of Traditional Farming with Consideration of Grassland Biodiversity: Implication for the Ukrainian Carpathians. 2013. Available online: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/158848/ (accessed on 14 January 2019).
- Hodgson, J.; Montserrat-Martı, G.; Tallowin, J.; Thompson, K.; Díaz, S.; Cabido, M.; Grime, J.; Wilson, P.J.; Band, S.R.; Bogard, A.; et al. How much will it cost to save grassland diversity? Biol. Conserv. 2005, 122, 263–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Firbank, L.; Bradbury, R.B.; McCracken, D.I.; Stoate, C. Delivering multiple ecosystem services from Enclosed Farmland in the UK. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2013, 166, 65–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le Clec’h, S.; Finger, R.; Buchmann, N.; Gosal, A.S.; H¨ortnagl, L.; Huguenin-Elie, O.; Jeanneret, P.; Lüscher, A.; Schneider, M.K.; Huber, R. Assessment of spatial variability of multiple ecosystem services in grasslands of different intensities. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 251, 109372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fennell, R. The Common Agricultural Policy: Continuity and Change; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1997; Available online: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:oxp:obooks:9780198288572 (accessed on 14 January 2019).
- Kuhmonen, T. Systems view of future of wicked problems to be addressed by the Common Agricultural Policy. Land Use Policy 2018, 77, 683–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiryluk-Dryjska, E.; Baer-Nawrocka, A. Reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU: Expected results and their social acceptance. J. Policy Model. 2019, 41, 607–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Institute for Government. Common Agricultural Policy. 2017. Available online: https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/article/explainer/common-agricultural-policy (accessed on 14 January 2019).
- Trisorio, A.; Borlizzi, A. Assessing the impact of rural policy on biodiversity: High Nature Value Farming in Italy. In 122nd Seminar; 100042; European Association of Agricultural Economists: Ancona, Italy, 2011; pp. 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Sawicka, B.; Hameed, T.S.; Noaema, A.H.; Krochmal-Marczak, B. Evaluation of agri-environmental programs used by farmers in south-eastern Poland. Acta Sci. Pol. Agric. 2016, 15, 37–54. [Google Scholar]
- Früh-Müller, A.; Bach, M.; Breuer, L.; Hotes, S.; Koellner, T.; Krippes, C.; Wolters, V. The use of agri-environmental measures to address environmental pressures in Germany: Spatial mismatches and options for improvement. Land Use Policy 2019, 84, 347–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lastra-Bravo, X.B.; Hubbard, C.; Garrod, G.; Tolón-Becerra, A. What drives farmers’ participation in EU agri-environmental schemes? Results from a qualitative meta-analysis. Environ. Sci. Policy 2015, 54, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Golinski, T. Analysis of economic aspects of the implementation of the agri-environmental programme on permanent grassland in Poland. In Grassland-A European Resource? Proceedings of the 24th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Lublin, Poland, 3–7 June 2012; European Grassland Federation: Lublin, Poland, 2012; p. 771. [Google Scholar]
- Kantelhardt, J.; Eckstein, K.; Hoffmann, H. Assessing Programmes for the Provision of Agri-Environmental Services–An Efficiency Analysis Realized in Southern Germany. 2009. International Association of Agricultural Economists, Oslo, Norway. Available online: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/51688/ (accessed on 15 January 2019).
- Sˇtolbova, M.; Hlavsa, T. The impact of LFA payments on FADN farms in the Czech Republic. Agric. Econ. 2008, 54, 489. [Google Scholar]
- Moinardeau, C.; Mesleard, F.; Dutoit, T. Using Different Gazing Practices for Increasing Plant Biodiversity in the Dykes and Embankments Along the Rhone River (Southern France). Environ. Manag. 2016, 58, 984–997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pulungan, M.A.; Suzuki, S.; Gavina, M.K.A.; Tubay, J.M.; Ito, H.; Nii, M.; Ichinose, G.; Okabe, T.; Ishida, A.; Shiyomi, M.; et al. Grazing enhances species diversity in grassland communities. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 11201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morris, J. Agricultural land drainage. land use change and economic performance: Experience in the UK. Land Use Policy 1992, 9, 185–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Souchere, V.; King, C.; Dubreuil, N.; Lecomte-Morel, V.; Le Bissonnais, Y.; Chalat, M. Grassland and crop trends: Role of the European Union Common Agricultural Policy and consequences for runoff and soil erosion. Environ. Sci. Policy 2003, 6, 7–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caballero, R.; Riseth, J.A.; Labba, N.; Tyran, E.; Musial, W.; Molik, E.; Boltshauser, A.; Hofstetter, P.; Gueydon, A.; Roeder, N.; et al. Comparative typology in six European low-intensity systems of grassland management. Adv. Agron. 2007, 96, 351–420. [Google Scholar]
- D’Amico, M.; Coppola, A.; Chinnici, G.; Di Vita, G.; Pappalardo, G. Agricultural systems in the European Union: An analysis of regional differences. New Mediterr. 2013, 12, 28–34. [Google Scholar]
- The Thuenen Institute—Alliance Environment –Hart, K. CAP Greening Evaluation Published. 2018. Available online: https://ieep.eu/publications/cap-greening-evaluation-published/ (accessed on 19 January 2019).
- Mouysset, L. Agricultural public policy: Green or sustainable? Ecol. Econ. 2014, 102, 15–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barraquand, F.; Martinet, V. Biological conservation in dynamic agricultural landscapes: Effectiveness of public policies and trade-offs with agricultural production. Ecol. Econ. 2011, 70, 910–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franco, J.A.; Gaspar, P.; Mesias, F.J. Economic analysis of scenarios for the sustainability of extensive livestock farming in Spain under the CAP. Ecol. Econ. 2012, 74, 120–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hampicke, U.; Roth, D. Costs of land use for conservation in Central Europe and future agricultural policy. Int. J. Agric. Resour. Gov. Ecol. 2000, 1, 95–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaplin, S.; Robinson, V.; Page, A.l.; Ward, D.; Hicks, D.; Scholz, E.; Keep, H.; Cocq, J.L. Pilot Results-Based Payment Approaches for Agri-Environment Schemes in Arable and Upland Grassland Systems in England. 2019. Available online: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20210100961 (accessed on 19 January 2019).
- Schroeder, L.A.; Isselstein, J.; Chaplin, S.; Peel, S. Agri-environment schemes: Farmers’ acceptance and perception of potential ‘Payment by Results’ in grassland—A case study in England. Land Use Policy 2013, 32, 134–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mayrhofer, P. The Ecopoint System of Lower Austria: An Example of Subsidising Low Intensive/Farming and Evaluation of the Ecological. Energy, and Economic Performance of Farmers. In Low Input Farming Systems: An Opportunity to Develop Sustainable Agriculture, Proceedings of the JRC Summer University Ranco, Ranco, Italy, 2–5 July 2007; Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2007; pp. 92–99. [Google Scholar]
- Korevaar, H.; Geerts, R. Experiences with ecosystem services on farms: A pilot study towards CAP reform. In Grassland-A European Resource? Proceedings of the 24th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Lublin, Poland, 3–7 June 2012; European Grassland Federation: Lublin, Poland, 2012; pp. 756–758. [Google Scholar]
- Downing, E.; Coe, S.; Audickas, L. Brexit: Future UK agriculture policy. Health 2018, 24, CBP 8218. [Google Scholar]
- Rose, D.; Keating, C.; Morris, C. Understand How to Influence Farmers’ Decision-Making Behaviour; Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. 2018. Available online: https://ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/understand-how-to-influence-farmers-decision-making-behaviour (accessed on 19 January 2019).
- Lyon, J.; Hurley, P.; Hall, J.; Tsouvalis, J.; Rose, D.C.; Little, R. Inclusive Design of Post-Brexit Agri-Environmental Policy: Identifying and Engaging the ‘Harder to Reach’ Stakeholders A Quick Scoping Review; The University of Sheffield: Sheffield, UK, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Clay, N.; Garnett, T.; Lorimer, J. Dairy intensification: Drivers, impacts and alternatives. Ambio 2020, 49, 35–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lebacq, T.; Baret, P.V.; Stilmant, D. Role of input self-sufficiency in the economic and environmental sustainability of specialised dairy farms. Animal 2015, 9, 544–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bosch, R.R.; Tello, E.; Rodriguez-Ortega, T.; Joy, M.; Casasus, I.; Bernues, A. Self-sufficient pasture-based farms enhance economic performance and provision of ecosystem services. In Proceedings of the EAAP-66th Annual Meeting 2015, Warsaw, Poland, 31 August–15 September 2015; Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands; p. 338.
- Flessa, H.; Ruser, R.; D¨orsch, P.; Kamp, T.; Jimenez, M.; Munch, J.; Beese, F. Integrated evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O) from two farming systems in southern Germany. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2002, 91, 175–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, L.G.; Kirk, G.J.; Jones, P.J.; Williams, A.G. The greenhouse gas impacts of converting food production in England and Wales to organic methods. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 4641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicholas, P.; Jeffreys, I.; Lampkin, N. Effects of European organic farming policies at sectoral and societal levels. In Aspects of Applied Biology 79, What Will Organic Farming Deliver? COR 2006; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2006; pp. 163–166. [Google Scholar]
- Leclère, D.; Valin, H.; Frank, S.; Havlík, P. Assessing the Land Use Change Effects of Using EU Grassland for Biofuel Production. Task 4b of Tender ENER. C1/2013-412; ECOFYS Netherlands BV European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Prochnow, A.; Heiermann, M.; Plochl, M.; Linke, B.; Idler, C.; Amon, T.; Hobbs, P.J. Bioenergy from permanent grassland–A review: 1. Biogas. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100, 4931–4944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Prochnow, A.; Heiermann, M.; Plochl, M.; Amon, T.; Hobbs, P. Bioenergy from permanent grassland–A review: 2. Combustion. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100, 4945–4954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teixeira, R.F.M. Economic Incentives for Carbon Sequestration in Grassland Soils: An Offer You Cannot Refuse. 2008. Available online: https://www.repository.utl.pt/handle/10400.5/25200 (accessed on 19 January 2019).
- Smith, P. Do grasslands act as a perpetual sink for carbon? Glob. Chang. Biol. 2014, 20, 2708–2711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Velthof, G.L.; Lesschen, J.P.; Webb, J.; Pietrzak, S.; Miatkowski, Z.; Pinto, M.; Kros, J.; Oenema, O. The impact of the Nitrates Directive on nitrogen emissions from agriculture in the EU-27 during 2000–2008. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 468-469, 1225–1233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schwarz, G.; Moxey, A.; McCracken, D.; Huband, S.; Cummins, R. An analysis of the potential effectiveness of a Payment-by-Results approach to the delivery of environmental public goods and services supplied by Agri-Environment Schemes. In Report to the Land Use Policy Group; Macaulay Institute, Pareto Consulting and Scottish Agricultural College: Edinburgh, UK, 2008; 108p. [Google Scholar]
- Espinosa-Goded, M.; Barreiro-Hurle, J.; Dupraz, P. Identifying additional barriers in the adoption of agri-environmental schemes: The role of fixed costs. Land Use Policy 2013, 31, 526–535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayden, M.T.; Mattimoe, R.; Jack, L. Sensemaking and the influencing factors on farmer decision-making. J. Rural. Stud. 2021, 84, 31–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barnes, A.; Sutherland, L.A.; Toma, L.; Matthews, K.; Thomson, S. The effect of the Common Agricultural Policy reforms on intentions towards food production: Evidence from livestock farmers. Land Use Policy 2016, 50, 548–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sutherland, L.A.; Burton, R.J.; Ingram, J.; Blackstock, K.; Slee, B.; Gotts, N. Triggering change: Towards a conceptualisation of major change processes in farm decision-making. J. Environ. Manag. 2012, 104, 142–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brady, M.; Hristov, J.; Höjgård, S.; Jansson, T.; Johansson, H.; Larsson, C.; Nordin, I.; Rabinowicz, E. Impacts of Direct Payments–Lessons for CAP Post-2020 from a Quantitative Analysis; Rapport/AgriFood Economics Centre: Lund, Sweden, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Rey, R. ‘Mountain Product’, of High-biological Quality. Meadows’ Poliflora, Organic Fertilizer and a Sustainable Mountain Economy. Procedia Econ. Financ. 2014, 8, 622–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pol-van Dasselaar, A.; Chabbi, A.; Cordovil, C.; Vliegher, A.D.; Dean, M.; Hennessy, D.; Hutchings, N.; Klumpp, K.; Koncz, P.; Kramberger, B.; et al. Grazing for carbon. In Sustainable Meat and Milk Production from Grasslands, Proceedings of the 27th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Cork, Ireland, 17–21 June 2018; Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre: Carlow, Ireland, 2018; pp. 682–684. [Google Scholar]
Coding Category in Thematic Analysis | Results |
---|---|
Biogeographic Zone | Atlantic (11) |
Continental (7) | |
Alpine (6) | |
Mediterranean (6) | |
Time period | 1990–1999 (1) |
2000–2009 (17) | |
2010–2019 (33) | |
Methodology Used | Secondary data analysis (17) |
Modelling (13) | |
Policy analysis (8) | |
Case studies (7) | |
Survey (5) | |
Other (1) | |
Farming approach | Extensive (17) |
Intensive (7) | |
Organic (5) | |
Approaches listed in remaining papers were mixed (e.g., a combination or intensive and extensive) or not stated |
Research Question | Number of Papers Identified as Relevant to the Research Question Resulting from the Analysis |
---|---|
What is the role of economic drivers in shaping the management of EU grassland systems? | 45 |
What are the tipping points where land use and practice might change with respect to the provision of ESs? | 16 |
What is the role of public policy in shaping the economics of PG farming systems? | 11 |
How do the above vary for different farming systems, countries, or biogeographic zones and over time? | 51 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Elliott, J.; Tindale, S.; Outhwaite, S.; Nicholson, F.; Newell-Price, P.; Sari, N.H.; Hunter, E.; Sánchez-Zamora, P.; Jin, S.; Gallardo-Cobos, R.; et al. European Permanent Grasslands: A Systematic Review of Economic Drivers of Change, Including a Detailed Analysis of the Czech Republic, Spain, Sweden, and UK. Land 2024, 13, 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13010116
Elliott J, Tindale S, Outhwaite S, Nicholson F, Newell-Price P, Sari NH, Hunter E, Sánchez-Zamora P, Jin S, Gallardo-Cobos R, et al. European Permanent Grasslands: A Systematic Review of Economic Drivers of Change, Including a Detailed Analysis of the Czech Republic, Spain, Sweden, and UK. Land. 2024; 13(1):116. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13010116
Chicago/Turabian StyleElliott, John, Sophie Tindale, Samantha Outhwaite, Fiona Nicholson, Paul Newell-Price, Novieta H. Sari, Erik Hunter, Pedro Sánchez-Zamora, Shan Jin, Rosa Gallardo-Cobos, and et al. 2024. "European Permanent Grasslands: A Systematic Review of Economic Drivers of Change, Including a Detailed Analysis of the Czech Republic, Spain, Sweden, and UK" Land 13, no. 1: 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13010116
APA StyleElliott, J., Tindale, S., Outhwaite, S., Nicholson, F., Newell-Price, P., Sari, N. H., Hunter, E., Sánchez-Zamora, P., Jin, S., Gallardo-Cobos, R., Miškolci, S., & Frewer, L. J. (2024). European Permanent Grasslands: A Systematic Review of Economic Drivers of Change, Including a Detailed Analysis of the Czech Republic, Spain, Sweden, and UK. Land, 13(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13010116