Mixed Land Use as an Intrinsic Feature of Sprawl: A Short-Term Analysis of Settlement Growth and Population Distribution Using European Urban Atlas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Modeling Density/Land-Use Gradients through Smoothing Splines
2.3.2. Delineating Landscape-Population Characteristics under Compact Growth and Sprawl
2.3.3. Exploring the Evolution of Land-Use and Population Distribution over Metropolitan Athens, 2012–2018
3. Results
3.1. A Descriptive Analysis of Land-Use and Population Dynamics
3.2. Depicting the Metropolitan Gradient with Joint Land-Use and Population Dynamics
3.3. Similarity in the Spatial Distribution of Population and Land-Use
3.4. The Spatio-Temporal Correlation in the Distribution of Population Density and Land-Use
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | Mean Area (ha) | Coeff. Variation | Edge Density | Total Area (km2) | Area Share (%) | Popul. Density | Popul. Share (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
110 | 0.38 | 0.69 | 0.013 | 109 | 3.51 | 21,258 | 62.8 |
1121 | 0.64 | 0.88 | 0.016 | 125 | 4.05 | 7327 | 24.9 |
1122 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.017 | 96 | 3.10 | 2845 | 7.4 |
1123 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.018 | 76 | 2.44 | 1474 | 3.0 |
1124 | 0.80 | 1.04 | 0.017 | 13 | 0.43 | 1040 | 0.4 |
1130 | 0.47 | 0.54 | 0.015 | 22 | 0.70 | 402 | 0.2 |
1210 | 1.68 | 2.46 | 0.022 | 128 | 4.14 | 274 | 1.0 |
1221 | 8.41 | 2.04 | 0.019 | 7 | 0.22 | 0 | 0.0 |
1222 | 158.7 | 8.84 | 0.004 | 141 | 4.56 | 0 | 0.0 |
1223 | 9.93 | 1.50 | 0.013 | 4 | 0.13 | 0 | 0.0 |
1230 | 13.15 | 2.55 | 0.034 | 12 | 0.40 | 71 | 0.0 |
1240 | 199.4 | 1.61 | 0.145 | 20 | 0.64 | 0 | 0.0 |
1310 | 4.98 | 3.00 | 0.031 | 18 | 0.58 | 2 | 0.0 |
1330 | 1.07 | 1.50 | 0.017 | 2 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.0 |
1340 | 0.71 | 3.18 | 0.015 | 10 | 0.32 | 4 | 0.0 |
1410 | 1.74 | 2.94 | 0.020 | 30 | 0.97 | 0 | 0.0 |
1420 | 2.80 | 3.35 | 0.026 | 20 | 0.64 | 184 | 0.1 |
2100 | 9.13 | 2.46 | 0.038 | 37 | 1.18 | 1 | 0.0 |
2200 | 5.16 | 1.95 | 0.031 | 62 | 2.02 | 24 | 0.0 |
2300 | 4.50 | 1.75 | 0.031 | 152 | 4.91 | 30 | 0.1 |
2400 | 5.95 | 2.22 | 0.032 | 281 | 9.08 | 0 | 0.0 |
3100 | 16.34 | 3.38 | 0.043 | 295 | 9.51 | 0 | 0.0 |
3200 | 18.04 | 7.38 | 0.031 | 1303 | 42.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
3300 | 5.49 | 4.15 | 0.028 | 58 | 1.88 | 0 | 0.0 |
4000 | 25.80 | 1.39 | 0.066 | 5 | 0.17 | 0 | 0.0 |
5000 | 127.1 | 4.69 | 0.038 | 71 | 2.30 | 0 | 0.0 |
Class | Mean Area (ha) | Coeff. Variation | Edge Density | Total Area (km2) | Area Share (%) | Popul. Density | Popul. Share (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1110 | 0.38 | 0.69 | 0.013 | 109 | 3.51 | 21,572 | 61.9 |
1121 | 0.64 | 0.88 | 0.016 | 125 | 4.05 | 7573 | 25.1 |
1122 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.017 | 96 | 3.10 | 2926 | 7.4 |
1123 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.018 | 76 | 2.45 | 1438 | 2.9 |
1124 | 0.81 | 1.13 | 0.017 | 13 | 0.43 | 834 | 0.3 |
1130 | 0.47 | 0.54 | 0.015 | 22 | 0.70 | 403 | 0.2 |
1210 | 1.67 | 2.44 | 0.022 | 132 | 4.26 | 407 | 1.4 |
1221 | 8.41 | 2.04 | 0.019 | 7 | 0.22 | 0 | 0.0 |
1222 | 155.5 | 8.95 | 0.004 | 142 | 4.57 | 0 | 0.0 |
1223 | 9.44 | 1.57 | 0.012 | 4 | 0.14 | 0 | 0.0 |
1230 | 13.44 | 2.63 | 0.034 | 13 | 0.41 | 558 | 0.2 |
1240 | 181.3 | 1.72 | 0.134 | 20 | 0.64 | 0 | 0.0 |
1310 | 5.21 | 3.00 | 0.031 | 18 | 0.57 | 0 | 0.0 |
1330 | 1.36 | 1.25 | 0.023 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.0 |
1340 | 0.68 | 3.17 | 0.015 | 10 | 0.31 | 0 | 0.0 |
1410 | 1.74 | 2.94 | 0.020 | 30 | 0.97 | 0 | 0.0 |
1420 | 2.83 | 3.34 | 0.026 | 20 | 0.65 | 365 | 0.2 |
2100 | 8.62 | 2.52 | 0.036 | 36 | 1.15 | 106 | 0.1 |
2200 | 5.15 | 1.95 | 0.031 | 62 | 2.01 | 62 | 0.1 |
2300 | 4.47 | 1.75 | 0.030 | 151 | 4.87 | 53 | 0.2 |
2400 | 5.93 | 2.23 | 0.031 | 281 | 9.05 | 0 | 0.0 |
3100 | 16.34 | 3.38 | 0.043 | 295 | 9.51 | 0 | 0.0 |
3200 | 18.01 | 7.39 | 0.031 | 1303 | 42.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
3300 | 5.49 | 4.15 | 0.028 | 58 | 1.89 | 0 | 0.0 |
4000 | 25.80 | 1.39 | 0.066 | 5 | 0.17 | 0 | 0.0 |
5000 | 126.7 | 4.68 | 0.038 | 71 | 2.29 | 0 | 0.0 |
Class | Mean Area (ha) | Coeff. Variation | Edge Density | Total Area (km2) | Area Share (%) | Popul. Density | Popul. Share (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1110 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 314.4 | −0.9 |
1121 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 245.8 | 0.1 |
1122 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 81.6 | 0.0 |
1123 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | −35.9 | −0.1 |
1124 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −205.7 | −0.1 |
1130 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 |
1210 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 132.4 | 0.5 |
1221 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
1222 | −3.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
1223 | −0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
1230 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 487.1 | 0.2 |
1240 | −18.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
1310 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.3 | 0.0 | −1.8 | 0.0 |
1330 | 0.3 | −0.2 | 0.0 | −1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
1340 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.4 | 0.0 | −4.4 | 0.0 |
1410 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
1420 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 181.2 | 0.1 |
2100 | −0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.9 | 0.0 | 104.9 | 0.1 |
2200 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.2 | 0.0 | 38.2 | 0.1 |
2300 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −1.0 | 0.0 | 22.7 | 0.1 |
2400 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
3100 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
3200 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
3300 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
4000 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
5000 | −0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Variable | Axis 1 | Axis 2 | Overall |
---|---|---|---|
Area | −0.16 | −3.43 | 0.03 |
Area(SD) | 0.36 | −0.30 | 0.02 |
ED | −0.17 | 3.44 | 0.08 |
%Area | 0.93 | −0.17 | 0.01 |
%Pop | −0.09 | −1.36 | 0.03 |
Density | −0.59 | −5.52 | 0.05 |
Land use class (nomenclature code explained in Section 2.2) | |||
1110 | −0.3 | −1.4 | 0.17 |
1121 | −0.3 | −1.1 | 0.07 |
1122 | −0.6 | −1.7 | 0.06 |
1123 | −0.8 | −0.8 | 0.07 |
1124 | −1.1 | −0.6 | 0.09 |
1130 | −0.5 | −2.2 | 0.07 |
1210 | 0.2 | −5.9 | 0.04 |
1221 | 0.1 | −2.6 | 0.07 |
1222 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.06 |
1223 | −1.5 | −4.8 | 0.12 |
1230 | −30.9 | −0.3 | 0.23 |
1240 | −0.2 | 4.1 | 0.33 |
1310 | 6.7 | −0.3 | 0.12 |
1330 | −8.5 | −0.6 | 0.16 |
1340 | −4.9 | −2.0 | 0.21 |
1410 | 0.1 | −2.8 | 0.09 |
1420 | 1.1 | −0.7 | 0.04 |
2100 | −16.3 | −3.7 | 0.69 |
2200 | 28.9 | −0.5 | 0.10 |
2300 | 8.6 | −1.4 | 0.05 |
2400 | 0.3 | −279 | 0.04 |
3100 | 0.6 | −20.5 | 0.06 |
3200 | 0.7 | −0.1 | 0.07 |
3300 | 0.5 | −1.5 | 0.04 |
4000 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 0.15 |
5000 | 0.4 | −1.5 | 0.09 |
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D’Agata, A.; Quaranta, G.; Salvia, R.; Carlucci, M.; Salvati, L. Mixed Land Use as an Intrinsic Feature of Sprawl: A Short-Term Analysis of Settlement Growth and Population Distribution Using European Urban Atlas. Land 2023, 12, 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12050972
D’Agata A, Quaranta G, Salvia R, Carlucci M, Salvati L. Mixed Land Use as an Intrinsic Feature of Sprawl: A Short-Term Analysis of Settlement Growth and Population Distribution Using European Urban Atlas. Land. 2023; 12(5):972. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12050972
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Agata, Alessia, Giovanni Quaranta, Rosanna Salvia, Margherita Carlucci, and Luca Salvati. 2023. "Mixed Land Use as an Intrinsic Feature of Sprawl: A Short-Term Analysis of Settlement Growth and Population Distribution Using European Urban Atlas" Land 12, no. 5: 972. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12050972