Effect of Organic Fertilizer on Soil Bacteria in Maize Fields
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Field Experimental Conditions
2.2. Design of the Experiment
2.3. Sampling and Analysis
2.3.1. Sample Collection
2.3.2. Analysis of Soil Physiochemical Index
2.3.3. Analysis of Community Structure
2.3.4. Analysis of Soil Respiration Rate
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes in Soil Environment Factors
3.1.1. Changes in Soil Nutrients
3.1.2. Changes in Soil Heavy Metal
3.1.3. Changes in Soil Respiration Rate
3.2. Changes in Bacterial Diversity
3.3. Changes in Soil Bacterial Community
3.3.1. Bacterial Community Changes at the Phylum Level
Dominant Phylum After Fertilization
Difference Analysis of the Bacterial Community
3.3.2. Changes in Bacterial Community at Genus Level
Seedling Stage
Three-Leaf Stage
Filling Stage
Mature Stage
3.3.3. Changes in the Composition of Bacterial Community
3.4. Correlations between Soil Properties and the Community Structure
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time | Group | pH | SOM | TN | AN | TP | AP | TK | AK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seedling stage | CK | 7.78 ± 0.074a | 16 ± 2b | 0.94 ± 0.11b | 0.20 ± 0.01a | 0.91 ± 0.26b | 64.5 ± 9.9b | 13.05 ± 2.60b | 87.2 ± 44.4b |
OF_2 | 7.65 ± 0.065ab | 32 ± 9a | 1.05 ± 0.10b | 0.20 ± 0.02a | 1.10 ± 0.13a | 80.2 ± 18.3ab | 16.00 ± 2.43b | 129.0 ± 4.3b | |
OF_4 | 7.56 ± 0.037b | 37 ± 2a | 1.33 ± 0.07a | 0.20 ± 0.02a | 1.16 ± 0.11a | 96.7 ± 29.0a | 17.60 ± 1.15ab | 182.7 ± 44.3a | |
OF_6 | 7.52 ± 0.037b | 38 ± 8a | 1.41 ± 0.09a | 0.17 ± 0.02a | 1.24 ± 0.13a | 101.3 ± 13.6a | 20.77 ± 3.65a | 195.3 ± 15.6a | |
Three-leaf stage | CK | 7.99 ± 0.238a | 16 ± 2a | 0.96 ± 0.05c | 96.00 ± 41.82a | 1.17 ± 0.10a | 131.7 ± 25.5b | 17.67 ± 1.42ab | 120.9 ± 29.9c |
OF_2 | 8.07 ± 0.065a | 19 ± 0ab | 1.20 ± 0.07bc | 62.67 ± 14.34a | 0.83 ± 0.37a | 171.3 ± 45.2ab | 16.37 ± 0.17ab | 179.3 ± 17.8c | |
OF_4 | 7.90 ± 0.037ab | 24 ± 4a | 1.36 ± 0.19ab | 87.00 ± 4.55a | 1.00 ± 0.42a | 214.3 ± 85.5a | 16.77 ± 0.05a | 253.3 ± 26.3b | |
OF_6 | 7.78 ± 0.037b | 29 ± 2a | 1.73 ± 0.18a | 69.33 ± 12.26a | 1.48 ± 0.14a | 270.0 ± 53.6a | 16.63 ± 2.16a | 315.7 ± 36.4a | |
Filling stage | CK | 8.06 ± 0.014a | 17 ± 2b | 1.30 ± 0.08ab | 73.00 ± 24.54a | 1.16 ± 0.06a | 130.7 ± 7.8ab | 16.50 ± 1.28a | 116.8 ± 31.1c |
OF_2 | 7.80 ± 0.025a | 17 ± 3b | 1.19 ± 0.03b | 53.67 ± 9.74a | 1.13 ± 0.08a | 104.0 ± 19.1b | 17.10 ± 1.30a | 167.7 ± 12.3c | |
OF_4 | 7.54 ± 0.232b | 23 ± 2ab | 1.44 ± 0.14ab | 57.33 ± 4.03a | 1.23 ± 0.13a | 147.3 ± 43.3ab | 16.57 ± 2.82a | 189.7 ± 31.9b | |
OF_6 | 7.64 ± 0.033b | 25 ± 3a | 1.67 ± 0.09a | 83.33 ± 4.11a | 1.37 ± 0.17a | 210.0 ± 52.7a | 12.87 ± 2.61a | 251.7 ± 9.0a | |
Mature stage | CK | 8.21 ± 0.059a | 17 ± 1c | 1.27 ± 0.05c | 65.33 ± 2.62b | 1.12 ± 0.06b | 61.3 ± 5.7b | 8.37 ± 0.06a | 87.3 ± 4.0d |
OF_2 | 8.01 ± 0.021b | 21 ± 1b | 1.17 ± 0.08c | 89.33 ± 14.38a | 1.19 ± 0.10b | 70.0 ± 10.4b | 8.21 ± 0.24a | 183.0 ± 4.1c | |
OF_4 | 7.92 ± 0.049b | 25 ± 1a | 1.42 ± 0.10b | 77.67 ± 7.04ab | 1.27 ± 0.09b | 92.0 ± 18.5b | 6.92 ± 0.38a | 212.3 ± 17.6b | |
OF_6 | 7.80 ± 0.059c | 27 ± 1a | 1.63 ± 0.07a | 92.33 ± 3.40a | 1.52 ± 0.17a | 136.0 ± 18.8a | 6.90 ± 0.30a | 273.0 ± 8.0a |
Stage | Group | Cd | Hg | As | Pb | Cr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seedling stage | CK | 0.14 ± 0.02a | 0.089 ± 0.005b | 7.13 ± 0.99b | 34.3 ± 5.1a | 42 ± 6c |
OF_2 | 0.15 ± 0.00a | 0.111 ± 0.007ab | 10.11 ± 1.03ab | 37.1 ± 4.0a | 52 ± 7b | |
OF_4 | 0.15 ± 0.00a | 0.109 ± 0.011b | 12.73 ± 3.32a | 36.7 ± 5.1a | 61 ± 6a | |
OF_6 | 0.16 ± 0.01a | 0.137 ± 0.018a | 12.41 ± 0.69a | 36.2 ± 3.6a | 51 ± 11ab | |
Three-leaf stage | CK | 0.12 ± 0.01a | 0.097 ± 0.006a | 5.29 ± 0.50a | 33.0 ± 8.3a | 78 ± 7a |
OF_2 | 0.13 ± 0.00a | 0.101 ± 0.018a | 5.00 ± 0.08a | 32.8 ± 3.0a | 64 ± 5a | |
OF_4 | 0.12 ± 0.01a | 0.104 ± 0.014a | 4.77 ± 0.52a | 33.7 ± 1.7a | 68 ± 11a | |
OF_6 | 0.11 ± 0.04a | 0.119 ± 0.033a | 4.29 ± 0.10a | 23.9 ± 8.0a | 65 ± 9a | |
Filling stage | CK | 0.14 ± 0.00a | 0.068 ± 0.011b | 8.59 ± 0.09a | 34.5 ± 2.2a | 52 ± 3a |
OF_2 | 0.12 ± 0.00ab | 0.105 ± 0.012ab | 7.75 ± 0.24ab | 32.7 ± 2.7a | 23 ± 4b | |
OF_4 | 0.08 ± 0.01b | 0.138 ± 0.027a | 6.85 ± 0.82b | 27.5 ± 8.3a | 25 ± 11b | |
OF_6 | 0.10 ± 0.04ab | 0.152 ± 0.027a | 8.03 ± 0.72ab | 29.6 ± 5.3a | 42 ± 8a | |
Mature stage | CK | 0.11 ± 0.01a | 0.077 ± 0.002b | 8.06 ± 0.10b | 26.9 ± 0.6a | 36 ± 4a |
OF_2 | 0.14 ± 0.01a | 0.113 ± 0.004a | 8.89 ± 0.47ab | 24.9 ± 0.6a | 45 ± 6a | |
OF_4 | 0.16 ± 0.01a | 0.140 ± 0.020a | 9.26 ± 0.51a | 24.8 ± 0.3a | 42 ± 8a | |
OF_6 | 0.16 ± 0.03a | 0.123 ± 0.003a | 9.25 ± 0.39a | 24.9 ± 0.9a | 49 ± 2a |
Biodiversity Index | Growth Stage | CK | OF_2 | OF_4 | OF_6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shannon-wiener Index | Seedling stage | 6.8834 ± 0.1708a | 6.7949 ± 0.1653a | 6.8714 ± 0.0704a | 6.8443 ± 0.2595a |
Three-leaf stage | 6.9041 ± 0.1727a | 6.9553 ± 0.0614a | 6.8343 ± 0.1597a | 6.8282 ± 0.1598a | |
Filling stage | 6.7044 ± 0.1043a | 6.7042 ± 0.2088a | 6.8142 ± 0.0996a | 6.6102 ± 2.4029a | |
Mature stage | 6.7641 ± 0.2794a | 6.8824 ± 0.1223a | 6.9137 ± 0.0630a | 6.8474 ± 0.1585a | |
Ace Index | Seedling stage | 5689.60 ± 171.70a | 5192.00 ± 335.81b | 5494.70 ± 505.90ab | 5668.60 ± 340.41a |
Three-leaf stage | 5224.80 ± 125.18a | 4859.10 ± 178.83b | 4883.50 ± 292.51b | 5140.00 ± 526.68a | |
Filling stage | 4365.90 ± 301.31a | 4273.30 ± 396.61a | 4403.8 ± 408.54a | 4489.00 ± 1890.00a | |
Mature stage | 4788.80 ± 452.24a | 4538.30 ± 257.23b | 4513.5 ± 331.62ab | 4721.3 ± 346.83a |
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Wu, J.; Sha, C.; Wang, M.; Ye, C.; Li, P.; Huang, S. Effect of Organic Fertilizer on Soil Bacteria in Maize Fields. Land 2021, 10, 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030328
Wu J, Sha C, Wang M, Ye C, Li P, Huang S. Effect of Organic Fertilizer on Soil Bacteria in Maize Fields. Land. 2021; 10(3):328. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030328
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Jianqiang, Chenyan Sha, Min Wang, Chunmei Ye, Peng Li, and Shenfa Huang. 2021. "Effect of Organic Fertilizer on Soil Bacteria in Maize Fields" Land 10, no. 3: 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030328