Expanding Exotic Forest Plantations and Declining Rural Populations in La Araucanía, Chile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Region and Methods
2.1. Study Region
2.2. A Mixed-Methods Approach to Understanding Out-Migration and Forest Plantation Expansion
2.3. Quantitative Data and Methods
2.4. Qualitative Methods
3. Results: Population Loss and Forest Plantation Expansion in La Araucanía
3.1. Fixed Effects Regression
(a) Census of Population | Obs | 1992 | 2017 | Variance Inflator Factor (VIF) * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | |||
Total population (dependent variable) | 917 | 253 | 1 | 2102 | 213 | 2 | 3065 | |
Demographic and socioeconomic variables | ||||||||
% of female population | 917 | 45 | 0 | 70 | 47 | 0 | 70 | 1.17 |
% of Indigenous population | 917 | 25 | 0 | 100 | 50 | 0 | 100 | 1.12 |
% adult population with high school educ | 917 | 16 | 0 | 100 | 31 | 0 | 75 | 1.34 |
% adult pop unemployed at the rural community level | 917 | 3 | 0 | 21 | 3 | 0 | 39 | 1.11 |
% adult pop unemployed at the municipality level | 917 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 1.26 |
Economically active population | ||||||||
% population between 18–20 years | 917 | 5 | 0 | 50 | 3 | 0 | 19 | 1.24 |
% population between 21–25 years | 917 | 9 | 0 | 50 | 5 | 0 | 23 | 1.31 |
% population between 26–30 years | 917 | 8 | 0 | 50 | 5 | 0 | 25 | 1.29 |
% population between 31–40 years | 917 | 13 | 0 | 38 | 11 | 0 | 38 | 1.28 |
% population between 41–50 years | 917 | 10 | 0 | 100 | 14 | 0 | 50 | 1.45 |
% population between 51–65 years | 917 | 12 | 0 | 63 | 22 | 0 | 67 | 1.83 |
(b) Chile’s Forestry Service (CONAF) | 1997 | 2014 | ||||||
% area covered by forest plantation | 917 | 15 | 0 | 41 | 25 | 0 | 61 | 1.09 |
3.2. Case Study in Selva Oscura
3.2.1. Displacement
[…before there used to be a lot of people, lots of families. And they started to buy the estates and started, for example, like I told you, San Francisco was turned into a plantation, and all of that piece of land is just trees. So then, for example, they could have put more houses, more people there, but no.]
3.2.2. Employment Opportunities
[Everything is pure forest plantation. The people are leaving because here there’s no work, and so there are very few young people here…because they don’t have any place to work, so instead of forest plantations, why didn’t they do something else instead? I don’t know, it could be blueberries, raspberries, strawberries, all of those things that they need people to work—more than anything for women.]
[…there are no jobs for the men…because now the minority of them work on the fundos, before it was the whole town, it was the majority. Well, before there was also less education and people had to work in the fields. Now it’s more feasible to have a profession, and here they have to go away and work somewhere else.]
3.2.3. Forestry Industry and Agricultural Livelihoods
[The eucalyptus, for example, that are planted alongside the fields of all of our neighbors, man, the water dries up quickly because the roots are extremely long, so it really affects the water consumption… they say, ‘no, your field is next door,’ but actually the roots are in the middle of the neighboring field!]
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
% area forest plantation | −1.95 * | −1.96 * | −1.83 * |
Demographic and socioeconomic variables | |||
% of female population | 1.39 ** | 1.21 ** | |
% of Indigenous people | 0.06 | −0.23 | |
% adult population with high school | 0.51 | 0.09 | |
% unemployment at the community level | 1.11 | 0.88 | |
% unemployment at the municipality level | 2.63 | ||
Economically active population | |||
% pop between 18–20 years | 0.78 | ||
% pop between 21–25 years | 1.55 + | ||
% pop between 26–30 years | 1.53 + | ||
% pop between 31–40 years | 0.84 | ||
% pop between 41–50 years | −0.90 | ||
% pop between 51–65 years | −2.27 *** | ||
Observations | 1834 | 1834 | 1834 |
Number of rural communities | 917 | 917 | 917 |
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Carte, L.; Hofflinger, Á.; Polk, M.H. Expanding Exotic Forest Plantations and Declining Rural Populations in La Araucanía, Chile. Land 2021, 10, 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030283
Carte L, Hofflinger Á, Polk MH. Expanding Exotic Forest Plantations and Declining Rural Populations in La Araucanía, Chile. Land. 2021; 10(3):283. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030283
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarte, Lindsey, Álvaro Hofflinger, and Molly H. Polk. 2021. "Expanding Exotic Forest Plantations and Declining Rural Populations in La Araucanía, Chile" Land 10, no. 3: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030283
APA StyleCarte, L., Hofflinger, Á., & Polk, M. H. (2021). Expanding Exotic Forest Plantations and Declining Rural Populations in La Araucanía, Chile. Land, 10(3), 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030283