The Impact of New Urbanization Policy on In Situ Urbanization—Policy Test Based on Difference-in-Differences Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
3.1. Model
3.2. Variable Descriptions
3.3. Steps
4. Analysis of In Situ Urbanization Level
4.1. Calculation of In Situ Urbanization Rate in Central China
4.2. Spatial Pattern of Local Urbanization in Central China
5. Empirical Test
5.1. Influence of New Urbanization Pilot Areas on In Situ Urbanization
5.2. Robustness Test
6. Conclusions, Limitations, and Implications
6.1. Conclusions and Limitations
6.2. Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Experimental Group | Control Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE | Max | Min | Mean | SE | Max | Min | |
IU | 0.5126 | 0.0866 | 0.7755 | 0.3004 | 0.4637 | 0.0973 | 0.7155 | 0.2795 |
GAP | 0.4171 | 0.0723 | 0.5906 | 0.2483 | 0.3988 | 0.0809 | 0.6237 | 0.2239 |
EDU | 7.7850 | 1.2499 | 10.9731 | 5.2933 | 7.0634 | 1.5912 | 9.3271 | 0 |
GOV | 0.1712 | 0.0629 | 0.4235 | 0.0461 | 0.1084 | 0.0758 | 0.0714 | 0.5016 |
TRA | 5.6374 | 0.7173 | 6.8942 | 3.6378 | 5.5309 | 0.9726 | 7.2928 | 1.9459 |
MED | 10.3697 | 0.5570 | 11.7845 | 8.7759 | 10.2190 | 0.5153 | 11.3913 | 8.7828 |
Covariant | Status | Mean | SD (%) | t-Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment Group | Control Group | t Value | p Value | |||
GAP | Before matching | 0.4171 | 0.3988 | 23.8 | 3.47 | 0.001 *** |
After matching | 0.4090 | 0.4003 | 7.3 | 1.45 | 0.138 | |
EDU | Before matching | 7.7850 | 7.0634 | 50.4 | 7.47 | 0.000 *** |
After matching | 7.4619 | 7.5045 | −5.9 | −1.57 | 0.117 | |
GOV | Before matching | 0.1712 | 0.2084 | −33.3 | −5.17 | 0.000 *** |
After matching | 0.1787 | 0.1824 | −3.3 | −0.75 | 0.452 | |
TRA | Before matching | 5.6374 | 5.5309 | 12.5 | 1.86 | 0.064 * |
After matching | 5.6331 | 5.7022 | −8.1 | −1.34 | 0.182 | |
MED | Before matching | 10.37 | 10.219 | 28.1 | 4.03 | 0000 *** |
After matching | 10.26 | 10.224 | 6.8 | 1.10 | 0.271 |
Matching Method | Status | Ps R2 | LR chi2 | p > chi2 | Mean of SD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nearest neighbor matching | Before matching | 0.063 | 73.83 | 0.000 | 29.6 |
After matching | 0.005 | 5.90 | 0.316 | 6.3 |
Variables | Whole Central Area | Yangtze River Economic Belt | Non-Yangtze River Economic Belt | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
DID | 0.0040 (0.0114) | 0.0083 (0.0099) | 0.0119 (0.0203) | 0.0090 *** (0.0022) | 0.0061 *** (0.0018) | 0.0274 (0.0688) | 0.0114 (0.0169) | 0.0129 (0.0150) | 0.0058 (0.0279) |
lnGAP | −0.3858 *** (0.0958) | −0.4187 *** (0.0875) | −0.4560 *** (0.1312) | −0.6071 *** (0.1029) | −0.3983 *** (0.1055) | −0.5112 *** (0.0084) | |||
lnEDU | 0.0027 (0.0129) | 0.0064 (0.0339) | 0.0040 (0.0230) | 0.0081 (0.0709) | 0.0079 (0.0166) | 0.0833 * (0.0502) | |||
lnGOV | 0.4260 *** (0.0964) | 0.5805 *** (0.0188) | 0.3978 *** (0.1170) | 0.4436 *** (0.0892) | 0.7725 *** (0.2301) | 0.4961 *** (0.1897) | |||
lnTRA | 0.0271 *** (0.0090) | −0.0169 (0.1134) | 0.0264 ** (0.0108) | 0.0067 (0.0091) | 0.0035 (0.0181) | −0.0226 (0.0973) | |||
lnMED | −0.0647 *** (0.0124) | −0.0172 (0.0454) | −0.0564 ** (0.0272) | −0.0288 ** (0.0131) | −0.1084 *** (0.0273) | −0.0132 (0.0560) | |||
Time Effect | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Area Effect | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Cons | −0.7475 *** (0.0031) | −1.7963 *** (0.1189) | −1.4368 *** (0.0985) | −0.7117 *** (0.0034) | −1.7038 *** (0.1863) | −2.169 *** (0.3338) | −0.8175 *** (0.0045) | −1.9706 *** (0.2154) | −1.5524 *** (0.0783) |
Observation | 783 | 783 | 783 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 264 | 264 | 264 |
Variables | Counterfactual Test | Single Difference Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
L2_DID | 0.0045 (0.0101) | 0.0162 (0.0138) | ||||
L3_DID | 0.0126 (0.0094) | 0.0227 (0.0153) | ||||
DID | 0.0470 *** (0.0091) | 0.0206 *** (0.0048) | ||||
lnGAP | −0.5266 *** (0.1128) | −0.4649 *** (0.1049) | −0.4153 *** (0.1299) | |||
lnEDU | 0.0072 (0.0192) | 0.0086 (0.0191) | 0.0041 (0.0228) | |||
lnGOV | 0.4056 *** (0.1110) | 0.4511 *** (0.1139) | 0.3583 *** (0.1207) | |||
lnTRA | 0.0253 ** (0.0109) | 0.0301 *** (0.0110) | 0.0265 (0.0184) | |||
lnMED | −0.0644 *** (0.0153) | −0.0759 *** (0.0167) | −0.0515 * (0.0271) | |||
Time Effect | YES | YES | YES | YES | NO | NO |
Area Effect | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Cons | −0.7273 *** (0.0045) | −1.8253 *** (0.1702) | −0.7354 *** (0.0049) | −1.9551 *** (0.1890) | −0.7065 *** (0.0038) | −1.6345 *** (0.1796) |
Observation | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 | 519 |
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Peng, J.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Q.; Tu, G.; Huang, X. The Impact of New Urbanization Policy on In Situ Urbanization—Policy Test Based on Difference-in-Differences Model. Land 2021, 10, 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020178
Peng J, Liu Y, Wang Q, Tu G, Huang X. The Impact of New Urbanization Policy on In Situ Urbanization—Policy Test Based on Difference-in-Differences Model. Land. 2021; 10(2):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020178
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng, Jing, Yanhong Liu, Qi Wang, Guoping Tu, and Xinjian Huang. 2021. "The Impact of New Urbanization Policy on In Situ Urbanization—Policy Test Based on Difference-in-Differences Model" Land 10, no. 2: 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020178