The Effect of Ageing, Gender and Environmental Problems in Subjective Well-Being
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- H1: Countries with a higher percentage of the population aged 65 and over who have arrears (mortgage or rent, utility bills or hire purchase) present a higher percentage of citizens with low levels of LS (1–5).
- H2: As income increases for people aged 65 and over, the percentage of people with life satisfaction levels of 8 or above increases.
- H3: Increasing the percentage of the population aged 65 and over who perceive their health as “very good” raises the probability that a country will have more than 35% of its population at satisfaction levels 9 and 10.
- H4: Countries with a higher percentage of gender employment gap are more likely to have more than 25% of their population with LS levels from 1 to 5 than those with less gender employment gap.
- H5: Air pollution, noise from neighbours and other environmental problems have an inverse relationship with the percentage of citizens in countries with an LS level equal to or greater than 8.
2. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- Satisf9_10_35. A dichotomous variable that takes a value of 0 when the condition is not met that more than 35% of its citizens have a satisfaction level equal to or more than 9, and the value of 1 when the condition is met.
- (2)
- Satist1_5_25. A dichotomous variable with value 0 when the condition is not met that in a country more than 25% of its citizens have a satisfaction level equal to or less than 5, and the value of 1 when the condition is met.
- (3)
- Satisf8_10. It is a variable that shows the percentage by country of citizens at the level equal to or more than 8.
- (4)
- Satisf1_5. It is a variable that shows the percentage by country of citizens at the level equal to or less than 5.
- Ageing QoL indicators
- q_mlc_mh65. Total population living in a dwelling with a leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot. (65 years or over). Percentage.
- q_safe_da65. Arrears (mortgage or rent, utility bills or hire purchase) from 2003 onwards—EU-SILC survey [ilc_mdes05]. One adult 65 years or over. Percentage.
- q_hlt_spvg65. Self-perceived health as very good (65 years or over). Percentage.
- logq_mlc_i65. Logarithm of median equivalised net income (65 years or over). Euro.
- Gender QoL indicator
- q_gov_dgg. Gender employment gap.
- Environment QoL indicator
- q_env_pol2.5. Exposure to air pollution by particulate matter. Particulates < 2.5 µm.
- q_env_polpa. Pollution, grime or other environmental problems. Above 60% of median equivalised income (% Total).
- q_env_polna. Noise from neighbours or from the street. Above 60% of median equivalised income.
- Other QoL indicators
- q_act_qlt. Temporary employees. From 15 to 64 years (percentage of employees).
- q_act_qtl. Long-term unemployment. From 15 to 74 years (percentage of active population).
- logq_mlc_c. Logarithm of main GDP aggregates per capita. Actual individual consumption. Euro.
- Macroeconomic indicators
- Gini. Gini Index.
- Pov55. Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day (2011 PPP) (% of the population).
- UnEmpl. Unemployment (as a percentage).
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Satisfaction Life | Modelo (1) Logit | Modelo (2) Logit | Modelo (3) Linear Regression | Modelo (4) Linear Regression |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Satisf9_10_35 | Satist1_5_25 | Satisf8_10 | Satisf1_5 |
q_mlc_mh65 | 0.0747 | 0.100 * | ||
(0.0641) | (0.0519) | |||
q_safe_da65 | 0.279 *** | 0.571 *** | ||
(0.0598) | (0.126) | |||
q_hlt_spvg65 | −0.163 ** | 0.0263 | ||
(0.0641) | (0.131) | |||
logq_mlc_i65 | 3.889 *** | 10.64 *** | ||
(0.890) | (1.328) | |||
q_gov_dgg | −0.227 *** | −0.141 *** | −0.123 | −0.266 *** |
(0.0692) | (0.0441) | (0.135) | (0.0592) | |
q_env_pol2.5 | 0.166 *** | 0.115 | ||
(0.0491) | (0.124) | |||
q_env_polpa | −0.619 *** | 0.310 *** | −0.561 *** | 0.214 ** |
(0.235) | (0.0712) | (0.175) | (0.104) | |
q_env_polna | −0.0191 | −0.358 *** | 0.0689 | 0.0588 |
(0.0845) | (0.0868) | (0.145) | (0.114) | |
q_act_qlt | −0.0719 | −0.0913 * | 0.272 *** | −0.361 *** |
(0.0482) | (0.0471) | (0.0866) | (0.0588) | |
q_act_qtl | −0.437 ** | −1.826 *** | ||
(0.217) | (0.287) | |||
logq_mlc_c | −5.405 *** | −16.48 *** | ||
(1.479) | (2.011) | |||
Gini | −0.191 * | 0.519 *** | −0.924 *** | 0.421 *** |
(0.107) | (0.112) | (0.163) | (0.122) | |
Pov55 | 0.603 *** | −0.0666 | 0.951 *** | −0.588 *** |
(0.109) | (0.101) | (0.143) | (0.193) | |
UnEmpl | 0.0764 | 0.535 *** | ||
(0.0908) | (0.203) | |||
3.wave | −3.430 *** | −1.688 ** | −2.823 * | 1.211 |
(0.934) | (0.809) | (1.532) | (0.963) | |
4.wave | −0.711 | −5.276 *** | 0.624 | 0.459 |
(0.826) | (1.126) | (1.421) | (0.941) | |
Constant | −21.36 ** | 35.58 *** | −9.217 | 162.5 *** |
(8.407) | (12.11) | (14.19) | (19.73) | |
Observations | 210 | 320 | 211 | 317 |
R-squared | 0.779 | 0.734 | ||
Pseudo R2 | 0.6034 | 0.7567 |
Variables | dx/dy | dx/dy | Odds Ratio | Odds Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
Satisf9_10_35 | Satist1_5_25 | Satisf9_10_35 | Satist1_5_25 | |
q_mlc_mh65 | 0.0028191 | 1.077507 | ||
q_safe_da65 | 0.0105275 *** | 1.321502 *** | ||
q_hlt_spvg65 | −0.0115144 ** | 0.8494863 ** | ||
logq_mlc_i65 | 0.2745012 *** | 48.85412 *** | ||
q_gov_dgg | −0.015995 *** | −0.0053183 *** | 0.7972397 *** | 0.8686387 *** |
q_env_pol2.5 | 0.0117133 *** | 1.180504 *** | ||
q_env_polpa | −0.0437032 *** | 0.011691 *** | 0.5384075 *** | 1.362849 *** |
q_env_polna | −0.0013499 | −0.013538 *** | 0.9810579 | 0.6987339 *** |
q_act_qlt | −0.0050754 | −0.0034484 * | 0.9306211 | 0.9127323 * |
q_act_qtl | −0.0308778 ** | 0.6456845 ** | ||
logq_mlc_c | −0.2040985 *** | 0.0044962 *** | ||
Gini | −0.0135146 * | 0.0196163 *** | 0.8257518 * | 1.681083 *** |
Pov55 | 0.0425479 *** | −0.0025136 | 1.827178 *** | 0.9356063 |
UnEmpl | 0.0028862 | 1.079423 |
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Ortega-Gil, M.; Mata García, A.; ElHichou-Ahmed, C. The Effect of Ageing, Gender and Environmental Problems in Subjective Well-Being. Land 2021, 10, 1314. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121314
Ortega-Gil M, Mata García A, ElHichou-Ahmed C. The Effect of Ageing, Gender and Environmental Problems in Subjective Well-Being. Land. 2021; 10(12):1314. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121314
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtega-Gil, Manuela, Antonio Mata García, and Chaima ElHichou-Ahmed. 2021. "The Effect of Ageing, Gender and Environmental Problems in Subjective Well-Being" Land 10, no. 12: 1314. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121314
APA StyleOrtega-Gil, M., Mata García, A., & ElHichou-Ahmed, C. (2021). The Effect of Ageing, Gender and Environmental Problems in Subjective Well-Being. Land, 10(12), 1314. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121314