Local Perceptions of Climate Change and Adaptation Responses from Two Mountain Regions in Tanzania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Climatic Changes and Impacts
3.2. Adaptation Strategies
3.3. Differentiated Adaptation Responses by Wealth and Gender
3.4. Other Factors Supporting or Hindering the Adoption of Adaptation Strategies
4. Discussion
4.1. Climatic Changes and Impacts
4.2. Adaptation Strategies
4.3. Differentiated Adaptation Responses by Wealth and Gender
4.4. Other Factors Supporting or Hindering the Adoption of Adaptation Strategies
4.5. Limitations and Future Research Avenues
5. Broader Implications for Policy and Practice
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Adaptive Strategies | Rich (%) | Average (%) | Poor (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Change to improved variety (maize) | 100.0 | 97.6 | 100.0 |
Change to improved variety (beans) | 98.0 | 97.6 | 94.7 |
Change to improved variety (green banana) | 91.8 | 97.6 | 100.0 |
Change to improved variety (coffee) | 20.4 | 12.2 | 5.3 |
Increased shade in coffee | 20.4 | 11.0 | 10.5 |
Changed farm location (near stream) | 18.4 | 1.2 | 5.3 |
Increased irrigation | 63.3 * | 41.5 * | 5.3 * |
Sow seeds later | 95.9 | 87.8 | 94.7 |
Sow seeds twice (if they die) | 98.0 | 97.6 | 100.0 |
Increased use of soil conservation | 89.8 | 74.4 | 100.0 |
Increased use of fertiliser | 91.8 * | 68.3 * | 42.1 * |
Increased use of pesticide | 89.8 * | 70.7 * | 36.8 * |
Increased use of veterinary care (cows) | 91.8 | 89.0 | 73.7 |
Increased use of feed (cows) | 91.8 | 86.6 | 73.7 |
Diversify: sell firewood | 22.4 | 9.8 | 10.5 |
Diversify: labour | 20.4 | 22.0 | 5.3 |
Diversify: started rearing animals | 85.7 | 85.4 | 68.4 |
Diversify: vegetable/fruit production | 63.3 * | 29.3 * | 5.3 * |
Diversify: trading animal products | 77.6 * | 53.7 * | 42.1 * |
Adaptive Strategies | Rich (%) | Average (%) | Poor (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Crop change (millet) | 10.7 | 15.5 | 9.4 |
Change to improved variety (maize) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 96.9 |
Change to improved variety (beans) | 89.3 | 86.2 | 73.4 |
Change to improved variety (potatoes) | 14.3 | 8.6 | 1.6 |
Change to improved variety (onions) | 78.6 * | 36.2 * | 26.6 * |
Increased farm size | 57.1 | 46.6 | 42.2 |
Changed farm location (near stream) | 89.3 * | 63.8 * | 54.7 * |
Increased irrigation | 96.4 * | 82.8 * | 73.4 * |
Sow seeds later | 71.4 | 84.5 | 90.6 |
Sow seeds twice (if they die) | 92.9 | 89.7 | 84.4 |
Increased use of soil conservation | 89.3 * | 79.3 * | 65.6 * |
Increased use of fertiliser | 100.0 * | 79.3 * | 75.0 * |
Increased use of pesticide | 100.0 * | 82.8 * | 78.1 * |
Increased use of veterinary care (goats) | 21.4 | 15.5 | 7.8 |
Increased use of veterinary care (pigs) | 17.9 | 27.6 | 12.5 |
Diversify: sell firewood | 7.1 * | 3.4 * | 18.8 * |
Diversify: labour | 10.7 * | 36.2 * | 46.9 * |
Diversify: started rearing animals | 17.9 * | 56.9 * | 20.3 * |
Diversify: vegetable/fruit production | 10.7 | 1.7 | 0.0 |
Kili 1 | Kili 2 | Kili 3 | Kili 4 | Udz 5 | Udz 6 | Udz 7 | Uluguru 8 | Usam 9 | Usam 10 | Usam 11 | Pare 12 | Pare 13 | Pare 14 | SH 15 | SH 16 | SWH 17 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increased temperatures (General) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
Increased temperatures (dry season) | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||
Increased temperatures (rainy season) | x | x | |||||||||||||||
Changes in rainfall patterns (General) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Reduced rainfall (long rains) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
Late start long rains | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||
Early start long rains | x | ||||||||||||||||
More dry spells (long rains) | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
More showers (dry season) | x | ||||||||||||||||
Hazards, Fog and wind (General) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
More extreme floods | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||
More extreme droughts | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
Fewer foggy days | |||||||||||||||||
Less frost | x | ||||||||||||||||
Increased wind (rainy season) | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||
Fewer hail storms | |||||||||||||||||
Reduced stream flow (rainy season) | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||
More landslides (rainy season) | |||||||||||||||||
More soil erosion (rainy season) | x | x | |||||||||||||||
Lower crop yields | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Lower yields (maize) | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
Lower yields (beans) | x | ||||||||||||||||
Lower yields (coffee) | x | x | |||||||||||||||
Lower yields (banana) | |||||||||||||||||
Lower yields (potatoes) | x | ||||||||||||||||
Lower yields (onions) | |||||||||||||||||
Increased pests/diseases (maize) | x | x | |||||||||||||||
Increased pests/diseases (beans) | x | ||||||||||||||||
Increased pests/diseases (coffee) | x | ||||||||||||||||
Increased pests/diseases (banana) | |||||||||||||||||
Increased pests/diseases (potatoes) | |||||||||||||||||
Mango bears less fruit | |||||||||||||||||
Cows produce less milk | |||||||||||||||||
Cows have more diseases | x | ||||||||||||||||
Goats have more diseases | |||||||||||||||||
Pig have more diseases | |||||||||||||||||
People are less healthy | x | x |
Mountain | Kili 1 | Kili 2 | Kili 3 | Kili 4 | Udz 5 | Udz 6 | Udz 7 | Uluguru 8 | Usam 9 | Usam 10 | Usam 11 | Pare 12 | Pare 13 | Pare 14 | SH 15 | SH 16 | SWH 17 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop change (millet) | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
Change to improved variety | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||
Change to improved variety (maize) | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||
Change to improved variety (beans) | x | ||||||||||||||||
Change to improved variety (potatoes) | x | ||||||||||||||||
Change to improved variety (onions) | |||||||||||||||||
Change to improved variety (banana) | x | ||||||||||||||||
Change to improved variety (coffee) | |||||||||||||||||
Increased shade in coffee | x | ||||||||||||||||
Increased farm size | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||
Changed farm location (near stream) | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
Increased irrigation | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||
Sow seeds earlier | |||||||||||||||||
Sow seeds later | x | x | |||||||||||||||
Sow seeds twice (if they die) | x | ||||||||||||||||
Increased use soil conservation | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
Increased use fertiliser | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
Increased use pesticide | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
Increased use veterinary care (cows) | |||||||||||||||||
Increased use feed (cows) | |||||||||||||||||
Diversify: sell firewood | x | ||||||||||||||||
Diversify: NTFPs (hunting, honey) | |||||||||||||||||
Diversify: labour | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||
Diversify: started rearing animals | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
Diversify: vegetable/fruit production | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||
Diversify: trading animal products | |||||||||||||||||
Diversify: small business | x | ||||||||||||||||
Diversify: tourism | |||||||||||||||||
Diversity: seasonal migration to cities | x | x |
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Kaganzi, K.R.; Cuni-Sanchez, A.; Mcharazo, F.; Martin, E.H.; Marchant, R.A.; Thorn, J.P.R. Local Perceptions of Climate Change and Adaptation Responses from Two Mountain Regions in Tanzania. Land 2021, 10, 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10100999
Kaganzi KR, Cuni-Sanchez A, Mcharazo F, Martin EH, Marchant RA, Thorn JPR. Local Perceptions of Climate Change and Adaptation Responses from Two Mountain Regions in Tanzania. Land. 2021; 10(10):999. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10100999
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaganzi, Kaiza R., Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Fatuma Mcharazo, Emanuel H. Martin, Robert A. Marchant, and Jessica P. R. Thorn. 2021. "Local Perceptions of Climate Change and Adaptation Responses from Two Mountain Regions in Tanzania" Land 10, no. 10: 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10100999
APA StyleKaganzi, K. R., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Mcharazo, F., Martin, E. H., Marchant, R. A., & Thorn, J. P. R. (2021). Local Perceptions of Climate Change and Adaptation Responses from Two Mountain Regions in Tanzania. Land, 10(10), 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10100999