Evaluation of the Effect of Hydroseeded Vegetation for Slope Reinforcement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Materials
2.1. Study Area
Physical and Chemical Properties of Serdang and Malacca Series
2.2. Data Description
2.2.1. Hydroseeding Mixture
2.2.2. Landslide Inventories and Conditioning Factors
2.2.3. Effects of Climate on Vegetation
3. Methodology
3.1. AHP for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
3.2. Field Experimental Design
3.2.1. Vegetation Ground Cover
3.2.2. Vegetation Root
3.2.3. Estimation of Surface Runoff
Rational Method
4. Results
4.1. Landslide Susceptibility Assessment
Validation
4.2. Experimental Observations, Monitoring, and the Result of Hydroseeding
4.2.1. Germination Rate
4.2.2. Vegetation Root Length
4.3. Result of the Hydroseeded Vegetation Ground Cover
4.4. Vegetation Surface Runoff
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Description |
---|---|
Location | UPM, Serdang |
Slope angle | 65 degrees |
Soil type | Serdang (Typic Kandiudults) and Malacca Series (Typic Hapludox) |
Precipitation | 2400 mm annually |
Humidity | The average annual percentage of humidity is: 80.0% |
Temperature | 22 to 33 °C |
Properties | Serdang Series | Malacca Series | |
---|---|---|---|
Depth (m) Soil texture | Topsoil 0.1 Subsoil 1.5 Sandy clay loam to sandy clay | 0.1 1.5 Clay and Sand | |
Bulk density (grcm−3) | Topsoil | 1.47 and 1.42 | 1.36 and 1.27 |
Subsoil | 1.48 to 1.49 and 1.44 to 1.45 | 1.37 to 1.41 to 1.30 to 1.32 | |
Porosity (%) | Topsoil | 36.8 and 38.26 | 41.37 and 47.08 |
Subsoil | 30.15 to 21.87 and 344 to 23.15 | 29.15 to 34.12 and 42.22 to 34.51 | |
Water holding capacity (%) | Topsoil 33 kPa | 23.02 to 16.61 | 23.83 to 21.51 |
Subsoil 33 kPa | 21.16 to 17.01 | 23.72 to 21.81 | |
Soil pH (%) | Topsoil 1500 kPa | 12.59 to 7.58 | 10.75 to 10.77 |
Subsoil 1500 kPa | 11.97 to 8.36 | 10.29 to 13.23 | |
Topsoil | 4.99 to 4.90 | 4.47 and 5.30 | |
Subsoil | 5.68 to 5.22 |
Seeds | Quantity (kg) | Origin | Price per kg (AUD) |
---|---|---|---|
Rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) | 1 kg | Europe, Asia and northern Africa | 5.10 |
Rye corn (Secale cereale) | 1 kg | Turkey | 1.90 |
Signal grass (Brachiaria Decumbens/Urochioa Decumbens) | 1 kg | Uganda | 16.50 |
Couch Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) | 1 kg | Afro-Eurasia and Australia | 24.00 |
Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | Jun. | Jul. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avg. Temperature °C (°F) | 25.1 | 25.7 | 26 | 26.1 | 26.3 | 26.2 | 26.1 | 26 | 25.8 | 25.7 | 25.2 | 25.1 |
(77.2) | (78.3) | (78.8) | (78.9) | (79.3) | (79.2) | (78.9) | (78.8) | (78.5) | (78.2) | (77.4) | (77.2) | |
Min Temperature °C (°F) | 21.9 | 21.9 | 22.7 | 23.1 | 23.4 | 23.1 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 22.8 | 22.7 | 22.3 |
(71.4) | (71.4) | (72.8) | (73.6) | (74.1) | (73.5) | (73.1) | (73.1) | (73) | (73) | (72.8) | (72.2) | |
Max Temperature °C (°F) | 209 | 174 | 268 | 300 | 246 | 174 | 183 | 219 | 243 | 308 | 373 | 284 |
(8.2) | (6.9) | (10.6) | (11.8) | (9.7) | (6.9) | (7.2) | (8.6) | (9.6) | (12.1) | (14.7) | (11.2) | |
Precipitation/Rainfall mm (in) | 209 | 174 | 268 | 300 | 246 | 174 | 183 | 219 | 243 | 308 | 373 | 284 |
(8.2) | (6.9) | (10.6) | (11.8) | (9.7) | (6.9) | (7.2) | (8.6) | (9.6) | (12.1) | (14.7) | (11.2) | |
Humidity | 85% | 82% | 85% | 87% | 87% | 85% | 84% | 84% | 85% | 87% | 90% | 88% |
Rainy days | 20 | 18 | 24 | 27 | 25 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 24 |
Date | Rainfall (mm/h) | G1 Runoff (mm) | G2 Runoff (mm) | G3 Runoff (mm) | G4 Runoff (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
September | 35 | 9.03 | 8.53 | 6.77 | 5.52 |
October | 48 | 4.62 | 4.32 | 3.73 | 3.05 |
November | 33 | 8.25 | 6.91 | 7.36 | 5.13 |
December | 34 | 7.81 | 8.28 | 6.15 | 5.68 |
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Share and Cite
Emeka, O.J.; Nahazanan, H.; Kalantar, B.; Khuzaimah, Z.; Sani, O.S. Evaluation of the Effect of Hydroseeded Vegetation for Slope Reinforcement. Land 2021, 10, 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10100995
Emeka OJ, Nahazanan H, Kalantar B, Khuzaimah Z, Sani OS. Evaluation of the Effect of Hydroseeded Vegetation for Slope Reinforcement. Land. 2021; 10(10):995. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10100995
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmeka, Okoli Jude, Haslinda Nahazanan, Bahareh Kalantar, Zailani Khuzaimah, and Ojogbane Success Sani. 2021. "Evaluation of the Effect of Hydroseeded Vegetation for Slope Reinforcement" Land 10, no. 10: 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10100995