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Article

Allelopathy Inhibitory Effects of Hydrodictyon reticulatum on Chlorella pyrenoidosa under Co-Culture and Liquor-Cultured Conditions

by
Xiujuan Chen
1,3,
Guohe Huang
1,3,*,
Haiyan Fu
3,
Chunjiang An
2,
Yao Yao
1,2,
Guanhui Cheng
2 and
Meiqin Suo
4
1
Environmental Systems Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
2
Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
4
College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056021, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2017, 9(6), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060416
Submission received: 8 March 2017 / Revised: 26 May 2017 / Accepted: 7 June 2017 / Published: 9 June 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Water Systems)
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Abstract

:
Eutrophication has become increasingly serious in recent years, which severely impairs the aquatic ecosystem. Applying environmentally-friendly methods to effectively control the growth of algae and avoid eutrophication has been proved to be a promising way. Thus, the potential of Hydrodictyon reticulatum on eutrophication control was studied in this research. The allelopathy inhibitory effects of H. reticulatum on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa were investigated under both co-culture and liquor-cultured conditions. The biomass and chlorophyll a content of C. pyrenoidosa were determined with time during the experimental period. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal capacities of H. reticulatum were also examined. Results showed that the growth of C. pyrenoidosa was obviously inhibited under both co-culture and liquor-cultured conditions, and the “Hormesis effect” was patently observed. The strength of allelopathy inhibitory effect depended on the relative biomass between H. reticulatum and C. pyrenoidosa. The allelopathy inhibitory effect of H. reticulatum on C. pyrenoidosa under co-culture condition was stronger than that under liquor-cultured condition. The decrease speeds of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were in direct proportion to the concentration of H. reticulatum.

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of society and economy, human’s irrational production ways have resulted in the enrichment of nutrient salts such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in water bodies. This leads to global eutrophication becoming increasingly serious in recent years [1,2,3]. How to effectively control the growth of algae and avoid eutrophication in water bodies have become hot research issues [4,5,6]. At present, the comprehensive and in-depth studies to control algae growth are mainly physical and chemical methods [2,7,8,9,10,11,12]. However, the common shortcomings of these two methods are high cost and short effective time. Thus, they are not applicable for prevention and rehabilitation of eutrophication in large-scale water bodies [13,14,15,16]. Biological method is one of the most innovative technologies for environmental restoration in recent years, which has become a hotspot in the field of environment research [17,18,19,20,21,22]. Studies have shown that many kinds of aquatic plants have the ability to resist and control eutrophication, such as reed, Ceratophyllum demersum, Ruppia [4,23,24,25]. Due to the advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and no secondary pollution, the method of algae control by plant allelopathy is of great significance for preventing and repairing water bodies from eutrophication [24,26,27,28], and maintaining water stability after restoration.
There were more than 20 species of aquatic plants which had been reported to inhibit algal blooms [4,14,29,30], and most of the studies focused on the allelopathy of aquatic on algae growth [19,31,32,33], less on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from water bodies. However, reducing the concentrations of nutrient elements is the fundamental means to prevent algal blooms [1,2]. If a certain aquatic plant has strong abilities to control algae growth and remove nitrogen and phosphorus, it can play an important role in tackling the problem of eutrophication. Both characteristics present in Hydrodictyon reticulatum [14,34]; however, few research has been done on its allelopathy inhibitory effects. H. reticulatum is one of common and large alga which can live in a wide range of temperatures. It has strong adaptability and fast reproduction speed. During the growth process, it can absorb a large amount of nutrients, including ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus. In addition, it is easy to be harvested and removed from water due to its large algae plant [14]. Meanwhile, Microcystis was mainly selected in the studies on allelopathy [27,32,35,36,37,38], but as another main algal specie inducing blooms [35,39], Chlorella was rarely chosen. Chlorella grows in freshwater lakes and ponds, and generally begins to grow and multiply when the water temperature is stable and higher than 20 °C. It has very strong abilities of photosynthesis and reproduction in summer, thus often forming blooms.
Therefore, the objective of this research is to study the allelopathy inhibitory effects of Hydrodictyon reticulatum on Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The effects of H. reticulatum on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa will be investigated under both co-culture and liquor-cultured conditions. In detail, the biomass and chlorophyll a content of C. pyrenoidosa will be determined with time during the experimental period. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in culture medium will also be monitored to examine the removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus by H. reticulatum. The research results of this study will be expected to provide scientific basis for eutrophication prevention and algal bloom control.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Materials

The Hydrodictyon reticulatum (FACHB-856) and Chlorella pyrenoidosa (FACHB-1222) used in this study were purchased from the Freshwater Algae Species Pool of Wuhan Aquatic Research Institute (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China). BG11 culture medium was used to cultivate these two alga after high-pressure steam sterilization. Table 1 shows the ingredient of BG11 culture medium, and all the reagents were analytical grade and used as-received. Alga were seeded into 500 mL conical flasks containing 500 mL of newly prepared culture medium, and the tops of conical flasks were covered by gauze to avoid dust falling into and contaminating culture. The whole process was carried out on a clean bench (SW-CJ-2FD, Shanghai Boxun, Shanghai, China), then the flasks were moved to a sterilized illumination incubator (PYX-800G-B, Guangdong Keli, Guangzhou, China). The culture temperature was set as 25 ± 2 °C, and the light/dark ratio was 12 h/12 h with illumination intensity at 3000 lx. The flasks were shaken twice a day to reduce accidental error from orientation, and their positions were changed randomly to ensure that the light radiation for each bottle was consistent. When the algae cell density reaching logarithmic growth phase, they were used for experiment.

2.2. Experimental Methods

The biomass of C. pyrenoidosa was presented through measuring the spectroscopic absorbance of algae liquid at 680 nm (OD680) [17]. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in culture medium were respectively determined by Total Organic Carbon/Total Nitrogen (TOC/TN) analyzer (TNM-1, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and 5B-6P TP analyzer after filtered through 0.45 µm microporous filter membrane. The chlorophyll a content of C. pyrenoidosa was measured following the standard method in water and wastewater monitoring analysis [40]. Ten milliliters of algae liquid were filtered through 0.45 µm microporous membrane, and then the membrane was placed in refrigerator to be frozen 8 h. We then transferred the membrane into mortar, added magnesium carbonate powder and 2–3 mL of 90% acetone, and fully grinded to extract chlorophyll a. We transferred all the matter to a centrifuge tube and added 90% acetone to 10 mL, then placed the centrifuge tube in refrigerator to be frozen 6 h to continue extracting chlorophyll a. After taking out from the refrigerator, the centrifuge tube was centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 r/min, then the spectroscopic absorbance of liquid supernatant was measured at 630, 645, 663, and 750 nm wavelength. The chlorophyll a content can be calculated through following equation:
Chlorophyll a (mg/m3) = (11.64 × (OD663 − OD750) − 2.16 × (OD645 − OD750)
+ 0.1 × (OD630 − OD750)) × (V1/V)
where V is the volume of algae liquid (L), V1 is the volume of extracting solution (mL), and OD is the absorbance.

2.3. Experimental Design

2.3.1. Co-Culture Experiment between Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Chlorella pyrenoidosa

H. reticulatum and C. pyrenoidosa were cultured together in 500 mL conical flasks with 500 mL of BG11 culture medium. Four sets of comparative experiments were set up, and the corresponding concentrations of H. reticulatum were 1 g/L, 2 g/L, 3 g/L and 4 g/L, respectively. The initial OD680 value of the algae suspension of C. pyrenoidosa was about 0.1. A blank test and a controlled trial were also set. The initial OD680 value of C. pyrenoidosa was also about 0.1 in the blank test without H. reticulatum, and the concentration of H. reticulatum was 4 g/L without adding C. pyrenoidosa in the controlled trial. The OD680 value of C. pyrenoidosa suspension was measured every 24 h, and the concentrations of TN and TP in the culture medium were measured every 48 h. Two replicates were set for each experiment group, and each parameter was measured twice.

2.3.2. Liquor-Cultured Experiment of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

The growing water of H. reticulatum was obtained as follows: 1 g/L of H. reticulatum in the logarithmic phase was cultivated in a 500 mL conical flask with 500 mL of fresh culture medium. After culturing for 30 days, the culture medium was filtered through regular filter paper first, and then filtered through 0.45 µm microporous filter membrane to obtain growing water of H. reticulatum. Four sets of comparative experiments were set up, and 100 mL, 200 mL, 300 mL and 400 mL of growing water were added to 500 mL conical flasks which contained 100 mL of C. pyrenoidosa suspension in the logarithmic phase, respectively. The volume of culture medium in each conical flask was adjusted to 500 mL through adding ultrapure water. Thus, different culture media with 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of growing water were obtained, respectively. A blank test was set with 100 mL of C. pyrenoidosa suspension and 400 mL of ultrapure water, without growing water of H. reticulatum. The corresponding doses of nutrients of BG11 culture medium were then added to each flask to make sure that the nutrient levels of all experiment groups and the blank test were the same. The initial OD680 values of C. pyrenoidosa suspension in all conical flasks were measured as about 0.05. The OD680 value was measured every 24 h, and the chlorophyll a content of C. pyrenoidosa was measured every 48 h. Two replicates were set for each experiment group, and all the parameters were measured twice.
The inhibition rate of H. reticulatum on C. pyrenoidosa can be calculated as [41]:
IRt = (1 − Nt/N0,t) × 100%
where t is the experiment time, IRt is the inhibition rate at day t, Nt is the mean value of OD680 of C. pyrenoidosa suspension in experimental group at day t, and N0 is the mean value of OD680 of C. pyrenoidosa suspension in blank test at day t.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. The Allelopathy Inhibitory Effects of Hydrodictyon reticulatum on Chlorella pyrenoidosa under Co-Culture Condition

Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the growth curves of C. pyrenoidosa and the inhibition rates of H. reticulatum on C. pyrenoidosa under co-culture condition during the experimental period, respectively. The OD680 value of the blank test remains stable increase, and reaches 0.383 after culturing for 10 days. It is indicated that C. pyrenoidosa grows steadily without the effects from H. reticulatum. In the first seven days, 1 g/L and 2 g/L experimental groups have different degrees of growth promotion, and their OD680 values increase faster than that of the blank test. The highest promotion rates reach 57.71% and 38.86% at the 5th day, respectively. From the 8th day, H. reticulatum begins to inhibit the growth of C. pyrenoidosa. The OD680 values start to decrease, and the inhibition rates are 16.45% and 44.39% at the 10th day, respectively. As for the 3 g/L group, the OD680 value increases to 0.152 in the first three days, but decreases steadily in the next seven days. At the 10th day, the OD680 value is 0.112, which is much lower than that of the blank test, and the inhibition rate is 70.76%. The 4 g/L group shows the strongest inhibitory effect on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa. The OD680 value starts to decrease rapidly on the 3rd day, and lowers to 0.026 at the 10th day, and the final inhibition rate reaches up to 93.21%.
The results showed that, under co-culture condition, H. reticulatum at low concentration promoted the growth of C. pyrenoidosa in the first few days, but inhibited its growth at high concentration. However, all concentrations of H. reticulatum had inhabitation effects on the C. pyrenoidosa’s growth in the end. This indicated that the allelopathy inhibitory effects of H. reticulatum on C. pyrenoidosa were dependent on their relative biomass. For example, 1 g/L and 2 g/L of H. reticulatum promoted the growth of C. pyrenoidosa in the first seven days, and their OD680 values were higher than that of the blank test, but they started to inhibit the C. pyrenoidosa’s growth from the 8th day. After seven days of growth, the relative biomass of H. reticulatum exceeded the threshold of growth promotion for C. pyrenoidosa, and then inhibited its growth in the rest of culturing period. The concentrations of C. pyrenoidosa in 3 g/L and 4 g/L experimental groups increased slowly in the first three days, then continuously decreased to 0.026 at the 10th day. The OD680 values were always lower than that of the blank test, indicating the inhibition effect from H. reticulatum. This phenomenon may be attributed to the fact that low concentration of allelochemical secreted from H. reticulatum can increase the cell membrane permeability of C. pyrenoidosa, and thus facilitate C. pyrenoidosa to absorb nutrients from culture medium. However, when the concentration of allelochemical exceeds a certain threshold, the cell membrane of C. pyrenoidosa would be destroyed, leading to the death of algae cell [18,39,42].

3.2. Effect of H. reticulatum Growing Water on the Growth of C. pyrenoidosa

Figure 3 presents the growth curves of C. pyrenoidosa under liquor-cultured condition. C. pyrenoidosa in the blank test grow well, and the optical density of algae liquor increases steadily, the OD680 value reaching 0.281 after culturing twelve days. As for the four experimental groups, their biomasses of C. pyrenoidosa increase in the first two days, and the growth rates were similar. From the 3rd day, C. pyrenoidosa in the experimental groups with 20% to 60% of H. reticulatum growing water keep increasing, but the growth rate of C. pyrenoidosa in the 80% experimental group is significantly lower than that of the other groups. Particularly, the growth rate of C. pyrenoidosa in the 20% experimental group rises rapidly and stability in the whole experimental period, and the optical density of its algae liquid remains the largest from the 3rd day
Figure 4 shows the inhibition rates of C. pyrenoidosa in different concentrations of H. reticulatum growing water. As can be seen, 20% and 40% of concentrations of H. reticulatum growing water initially show weak inhibition effect on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa. After the 3rd day, the H. reticulatum growing water in 20% experimental group has significant and stable promotion effect on the C. pyrenoidosa’s growth, and the promotion rate is 7.12% on the 12th day. The growth of C. pyrenoidosa is facilitated in the 40% experimental group during the 4th to 7th day, but it is slightly inhibited again from the 8th day. Sixty percent of H. reticulatum growing water promotes the C. pyrenoidosa’s growth in the first three days, but turns to lightly inhibit its growth from the 4th to 7th day, and the inhibition rate remains stable from the 8th day. Eighty percent of H. reticulatum growing water has the most obvious inhibitory effect on the C. pyrenoidosa’s growth. The cell concentration of C. pyrenoidosa is the lowest during the whole experimental period. The inhibition rate continues to increase rapidly from 1.52% to 27.31% in the first four days, and slowly declines to 11.46% at the 9th day and then remains stable.
The results indicated that the inhibitory effect of H. reticulatum growing water on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa was different with the concentration of growing water, and the “Hormesis effect” was patently observed [43]. Among the experimental groups, the growth of C. pyrenoidosa was slightly promoted at 20% of H. reticulatum growing water, but severely inhibited at the 80% experimental group. This proved that H. reticulatum growing water contained allelochemical secreted by H. reticulatum. The allelochemical would accelerate the growth of C. pyrenoidosa if its concentration was lower than a threshold, but would inhibit the growth of C. pyrenoidosa if its concentration was higher than the threshold, and then the inhibitory effect would be enhanced with the increase of its concentration.
The chlorophyll a content curves with time of C. pyrenoidosa under liquor-cultured condition are shown in Figure 5. Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment in most algae, which can be used to judge the primary productivity of a water body. It is closely related to the growth state and photosynthesis of algae cells, and thus regarded as an important indicator of algae photosynthetic potential in environment monitoring. Compared with the blank test, the chlorophyll a content of C. pyrenoidosa in the 20% experimental group is higher, which means that the growth of the C. pyrenoidosa is promoted by H. reticulatum growing water at low concentration. For other experimental groups with higher concentrations of H. reticulatum growing water, the chlorophyll a contents of C. pyrenoidosa decrease after a short period of increasing. That was because the chlorophyll a content of C. pyrenoidosa was affected by high concentration of H. reticulatum growing water, leading to the normal photosynthesis of C. pyrenoidosa being inhibited. From the combination of Figure 3 and Figure 5, the chlorophyll a content changed with the biomass of C. pyrenoidosa, thus their variations were consistent. The decrease of chlorophyll a content was due to the decrease of C. pyrenoidosa cells. The other reason may be that the allelochemical in H. reticulatum growing water inhibited the synthesis of chlorophyll a or accelerated the degradation of chlorophyll a in C. pyrenoidosa cells [14]. This resulted in the decrease of chlorophyll a content in C. pyrenoidosa cells and thus limited its photosynthetic capacity, which may be another important cause of C. pyrenoidosa’s death.

3.3. Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by H. reticulatum under Co-Culture Condition

Figure 6 and Figure 7 summarize the changes of TN and TP concentration under co-culture condition, and the removal rates of TN and TP through H. reticulatum under co-culture condition at the 10th day. It can be seen that the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the culture medium decrease rapidly with time, which indicates that H. reticulatum has good abilities to remove nitrogen and phosphorus under co-culture condition. The abilities are enhanced with the increasing concentration of H. reticulatum. The initial concentrations of TN and TP in all groups are about 255.8 mg/L and 5.71 mg/L, respectively. At the end of the experimental period, the concentrations of TN and TP in the 1 g/L experiment group decrease to 206.6 mg/L and 3.28 mg/L, and the removal rates of TN and TP are only 19.23% and 42.56%, respectively. Compared to the 1 g/L experiment group, the removal rates of TN and TP are higher in the other experiment groups. In the 4 g/L experiment group, the concentrations of TN and TP decrease to 157.6 mg/L and 1.13 mg/L, respectively, and the removal rates reach up to 38.4% and 80.2%, respectively. As for the blank test which only contains C. pyrenoidosa, the removal abilities of nitrogen and phosphorus are the weakest. The removal rates of TN and TP are even lower than that of the 1 g/L experiment group, only 15.72% and 27.14% at the 10th day, respectively. Conversely, in the control trial with 4 g/L of H. reticulatum and without C. pyrenoidosa, the removal rates of TN and TP are highest among all groups and up to 44.64% and 86.86%, respectively. According to the obtained results, it has been indicated that the abilities of H. reticulatum to remove nitrogen and phosphorus were stronger than that of C. pyrenoidosa, which may be an important reason leading to the death of C. pyrenoidosa.

4. Conclusions

The allelopathy effect of H. reticulatum on C. pyrenoidosa was studied under both co-culture and liquor-cultured conditions. The obtained results showed that H. reticulatum had allelopathy inhibitory effect on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa. The extent of allelopathy effect depended on the relative biomass between H. reticulatum and C. pyrenoidosa, resulting in the observed “Hormesis effect”. In the co-cultured condition, H. reticulatum at low concentration promoted the growth of C. pyrenoidosa in the first few days, but inhibited its growth at high concentration. In the liquor-cultured condition, the growth of C pyrenoidosa was facilitated at 20% of H. reticulatum growing water, but it was inhibited at 40–80% of H. reticulatum growing water. Comparing the death situations of C. pyrenoidosa cells under the two conditions, the allelopathy inhibitory effect of H. reticulatum on C. pyrenoidosa under co-culture condition was stronger than that of under liquor-cultured condition. The concentrations of TN and TP in culture medium were monitored during the experimental period. Results showed that H. reticulatum had strong abilities to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from water body. The removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in culture medium increased rapidly with the increase of its biomass. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of allelopathy in this study is unclear, which can be explored through the extraction and identification of allelochemical in the future research.

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan (2016YFC0502800, 2016YFA0601502), the Natural Sciences Foundation (51520105013, 51679087), National Natural Science Foundation (51409077), the National Basic Research and 111 Programs (2013CB430401, B14008) and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Author Contributions

Xiujuan Chen and Haiyan Fu conceived and designed the experiments; Xiujuan Chen performed the experiments; Xiujuan Chen and Yao Yao analyzed the data; Chunjiang An contributed reagents and materials, Guanhui Cheng and Meiqin Suo offered analysis tools and guides; Xiujuan Chen wrote the paper; Guohe Huang supervised all the authors and helped to revise the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Water 09 00416 g001 550
Figure 1. Growth curve of C. pyrenoidosa under co-culture condition.
Figure 1. Growth curve of C. pyrenoidosa under co-culture condition.
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Figure 2. Inhibition rate of H. reticulatum on C. pyrenoidosa under co-culture condition.
Figure 2. Inhibition rate of H. reticulatum on C. pyrenoidosa under co-culture condition.
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Figure 3. Growth curve of C. pyrenoidosa under liquor-cultured condition.
Figure 3. Growth curve of C. pyrenoidosa under liquor-cultured condition.
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Figure 4. Inhibition rate of C. pyrenoidosa under liquor-cultured condition.
Figure 4. Inhibition rate of C. pyrenoidosa under liquor-cultured condition.
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Figure 5. Chlorophyll a content of C. pyrenoidosa under liquor-cultured condition.
Figure 5. Chlorophyll a content of C. pyrenoidosa under liquor-cultured condition.
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Figure 6. Change curve of TN concentration under co-culture condition and TN removal rate at the 10th day. (a) TN concentration; (b) TN removal rate.
Figure 6. Change curve of TN concentration under co-culture condition and TN removal rate at the 10th day. (a) TN concentration; (b) TN removal rate.
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Figure 7. Change curve of TP concentration under co-culture condition and TP removal rate at the 10th day. (a) TP concentration; (b) TP removal rate.
Figure 7. Change curve of TP concentration under co-culture condition and TP removal rate at the 10th day. (a) TP concentration; (b) TP removal rate.
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Table
Table 1. Ingredient of BG11.
Table 1. Ingredient of BG11.
ChemicalDose
NaNO31.5 g
K2HPO4∙H2O0.04 g
MgSO4∙7H2O0.075 g
CaCl2∙2H2O0.036 g
Citric acid0.006 g
Ferric ammonium citrate0.006 g
EDTA (dinatrium-salt)0.001 g
Na2CO30.02 g
A5 + Co Solution1 mL
Distilled water919 mL
Composition of the A5 + Co solution
Distilled Water H3BO31000 mL
2.86 g
MnCl2∙H2O1.81 g
ZnSO4∙7H2O0.222 g
CuSO4∙5H2O0.079 g
Na2MO4∙2H2O0.39 g
Co(NO3)∙6H2O0.049 g

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, X.; Huang, G.; Fu, H.; An, C.; Yao, Y.; Cheng, G.; Suo, M. Allelopathy Inhibitory Effects of Hydrodictyon reticulatum on Chlorella pyrenoidosa under Co-Culture and Liquor-Cultured Conditions. Water 2017, 9, 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060416

AMA Style

Chen X, Huang G, Fu H, An C, Yao Y, Cheng G, Suo M. Allelopathy Inhibitory Effects of Hydrodictyon reticulatum on Chlorella pyrenoidosa under Co-Culture and Liquor-Cultured Conditions. Water. 2017; 9(6):416. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060416

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Xiujuan, Guohe Huang, Haiyan Fu, Chunjiang An, Yao Yao, Guanhui Cheng, and Meiqin Suo. 2017. "Allelopathy Inhibitory Effects of Hydrodictyon reticulatum on Chlorella pyrenoidosa under Co-Culture and Liquor-Cultured Conditions" Water 9, no. 6: 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9060416

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