Climate Change and Its Influence on the Karst Groundwater Recharge in the Jinci Spring Region, Northern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Area Overview
3. Research Method
3.1. Time-Series Test
3.1.1. Trend Test
3.1.2. Abrupt Change Test
3.2. Groundwater Recharge Amount Calculation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Climate Change Characteristic Analysis
4.1.1. Precipitation Variation
4.1.2. Temperature Variation
4.1.3. Evaporation Variation
4.2. Analysis of the Influence of Climate Change on Karst Groundwater Recharge in the Spring Region
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- By comparing the relationship between the change in precipitation and the discharge of the spring, the change in precipitation has a small contribution to the change in karst water level in the Jinci Spring region. The reason why the spring dried up is mainly attributed to groundwater over-abstraction.
- (2)
- A total of 53 years of statistics reveal that the annual precipitation of the Jinci Spring region generally follows an initial decreasing and then subsequent increasing trend, and the most obvious declining trend occurred in 1990s, which was 111 mm less than that of the 1960s. Likewise, the variation trend of land evaporation is similar to that of precipitation; however, the annual average temperature has maintained an increasing trend.
- (3)
- The variation process of the karst groundwater recharge in the Jinci Spring region is generally consistent with that of the precipitation. As compared to the climate of the 1960s, all the climate changes at the other time periods resulted in a reduction in the recharge amount. The climatic change had the strongest influence in the 1990s, which caused the karst groundwater recharge amount in the spring region to be reduced by 26.75 mm, about 39.68% lower than that of the 1960s. The reduction of precipitation is one of main reasons underlying the cutoff of the Jinci Spring.
- (4)
- The results of the Mann-Kendall abrupt change test revealed that the karst groundwater recharge amount in the Fenhe Reservoir-Zhaishang zone of the Jinci Spring region generally exhibits a declining tendency. The karst groundwater recharge amount exhibited a rising trend before 1967. After that, a declining trend took place; however, a rising trend has been occurring since 2007. The mutations existed in 1964 and 2007.
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Year | Spring Discharge (m3/s) | Karst Groundwater Level (m) |
---|---|---|
1960 | 1.9 | |
1961 | 1.91 | |
1962 | 1.67 | |
1963 | 1.69 | |
1964 | 1.79 | |
1965 | 1.68 | |
1966 | 1.71 | |
1967 | 1.66 | |
1968 | 1.65 | |
1969 | 1.69 | |
1970 | 1.41 | |
1971 | 1.3 | |
1972 | 1.21 | |
1973 | 1.31 | |
1974 | 1.39 | |
1975 | 1.3 | |
1976 | 1.21 | |
1977 | 1.06 | |
1978 | 0.98 | |
1979 | 0.75 | |
1980 | 0.81 | |
1981 | 0.66 | |
1982 | 0.57 | |
1983 | 0.57 | |
1984 | 0.54 | |
1985 | 0.51 | |
1986 | 0.47 | |
1987 | 0.38 | |
1988 | 0.36 | |
1989 | 0.32 | |
1990 | 0.26 | |
1991 | 0.25 | |
1992 | 0.14 | |
1993 | 0.05 | |
1994 | 0.01 | 802.32 |
1995 | 0 | 800.11 |
1996 | 0 | 798.97 |
1997 | 0 | 799.79 |
1998 | 0 | 798.37 |
1999 | 0 | 795.94 |
2000 | 0 | 793.3 |
2001 | 0 | 790.69 |
2002 | 0 | 788.42 |
2003 | 0 | 785.96 |
2004 | 0 | 784.07 |
2005 | 0 | 782.59 |
2006 | 0 | 779.86 |
2007 | 0 | 777 |
2008 | 0 | 774.94 |
2009 | 0 | 774.94 |
2010 | 0 | 777.54 |
2011 | 0 | 781.26 |
2012 | 0 | 788.21 |
Year | The Precipitation in the Jinci Spring Area (mm) | Average Temperature (°C) | The Observed Runoff Amount in the Fenhe Reservoir Hydrologic Station (m3/s) | The Observed Runoff Amount in the Zhaishang Hydrologic Station (m3/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1960 | 433.59 | 9.8 | 6.81 | 8.09 |
1961 | 558.89 | 10.5 | 6.98 | 8.2 |
1962 | 444.83 | 9.5 | 12.3 | 14.2 |
1963 | 506.34 | 9.5 | 10.6 | 13.7 |
1964 | 676.63 | 9.3 | 11.0 | 15.5 |
1965 | 260.63 | 9.7 | 19.9 | 19.3 |
1966 | 588.16 | 9.7 | 5.07 | 9.89 |
1967 | 642.10 | 8.7 | 27.2 | 33.1 |
1968 | 381.16 | 9.4 | 18.2 | 20.4 |
1969 | 584.83 | 8.9 | 14.3 | 18.3 |
1970 | 484.44 | 9 | 14.9 | 18.6 |
1971 | 453.94 | 9.3 | 8.54 | 10.9 |
1972 | 217.87 | 9.6 | 8.06 | 7.71 |
1973 | 641.07 | 10 | 5.55 | 8.38 |
1974 | 315.23 | 9.5 | 14.8 | 14 |
1975 | 477.61 | 10.1 | 5.34 | 5.68 |
1976 | 512.10 | 9 | 5.43 | 6.68 |
1977 | 555.91 | 10 | 9.95 | 13.6 |
1978 | 416.21 | 10 | 13.9 | 14.2 |
1979 | 486.16 | 9.7 | 13.6 | 15.1 |
1980 | 355.13 | 9.6 | 13.5 | 13.4 |
1981 | 358.19 | 9.7 | 6.97 | 6.78 |
1982 | 489.41 | 10.3 | 7.72 | 8.7 |
1983 | 495.87 | 9.7 | 8.65 | 7.79 |
1984 | 321.51 | 8.9 | 9.22 | 8.7 |
1985 | 492.36 | 9.4 | 4.89 | 6.62 |
1986 | 282.86 | 9.6 | 8.49 | 8.67 |
1987 | 413.17 | 10.1 | 3.78 | 3.84 |
1988 | 619.87 | 9.8 | 8.52 | 11.2 |
1989 | 412.33 | 10 | 9.54 | 9.48 |
1990 | 439.46 | 10.2 | 9.34 | 9.29 |
1991 | 376.33 | 10 | 8.43 | 8.95 |
1992 | 397.77 | 9.8 | 5.24 | 5.75 |
1993 | 381.11 | 9.4 | 7.73 | 8.02 |
1994 | 395.11 | 10.5 | 5.56 | 6.19 |
1995 | 485.76 | 10.2 | 12.5 | 15.7 |
1996 | 569.90 | 9.8 | 21.7 | 24.7 |
1997 | 243.46 | 10.8 | 9.21 | 8.87 |
1998 | 385.76 | 11.5 | 8.30 | 8.8 |
1999 | 292.43 | 11.6 | 7.35 | 7.41 |
2000 | 462.59 | 10.7 | 3.89 | 4.05 |
2001 | 379.63 | 11 | 3.8 | 4.09 |
2002 | 509.67 | 11.1 | 3.04 | 3.7 |
2003 | 551.73 | 10.2 | 5.46 | 5.77 |
2004 | 416.67 | 10.9 | 5.84 | 4.98 |
2005 | 425.05 | 10.9 | 4.02 | 3.32 |
2006 | 425.79 | 11.8 | 3.12 | 2.99 |
2007 | 630.25 | 11.4 | 2.36 | 2.67 |
2008 | 474.58 | 10.9 | 7.16 | 6.63 |
2009 | 621.03 | 11.1 | 6.13 | 7.07 |
2010 | 436.44 | 11.3 | 6.51 | 7.14 |
2011 | 587.04 | 10.8 | 7.37 | 8.52 |
2012 | 499.89 | 10.7 | 6.64 | 7.48 |
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Time | 1960s | 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000–2012 | Variation Degree between the 1960s and after 2000(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average precipitation/mm | 507.7 | 456.1 | 424.1 | 396.7 | 493.9 | −2.73 |
Average temperature/°C | 9.5 | 9.62 | 9.71 | 10.38 | 10.98 | 15.63 |
Average evaporation/mm | 383.90 | 363.13 | 350.3 | 339.47 | 400.33 | 4.28 |
Average karst groundwater recharge/mm | 67.40 | 63.47 | 65.98 | 40.66 | 59.53 | −11.68 |
Element | Multi-Year Average Value/mm | M–K Trend Test | Mutation Point (Year) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Z | β | Trend | |||
Precipitation | 457.85 | −0.22 | −0.41 | Declining | 1967, 2009 |
Temperature | 10.09 | 6.10 | 0.04 | Rising | 1994 |
Land evaporation | 369.29 | 0.41 | 0.15 | Rising | 1964, 2007 |
Karst groundwater recharge | 59.37 | −1.04 | −0.25 | Declining | 1964, 2007 |
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Jia, Z.; Zang, H.; Zheng, X.; Xu, Y. Climate Change and Its Influence on the Karst Groundwater Recharge in the Jinci Spring Region, Northern China. Water 2017, 9, 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9040267
Jia Z, Zang H, Zheng X, Xu Y. Climate Change and Its Influence on the Karst Groundwater Recharge in the Jinci Spring Region, Northern China. Water. 2017; 9(4):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9040267
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia, Zhenxing, Hongfei Zang, Xiuqing Zheng, and Yongxin Xu. 2017. "Climate Change and Its Influence on the Karst Groundwater Recharge in the Jinci Spring Region, Northern China" Water 9, no. 4: 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9040267