CryoSat-2 Altimetry Applications over Rivers and Lakes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Basic Principles of Radar Altimetry
3. Mission Overview
3.1. Instrument
3.2. Orbit
3.3. Ground Track
3.4. Footprint
4. Data Products
4.1. Level-1b Data
4.2. Level-2 GDR Data
4.3. Level-3 (Along-Track) Products
5. Use of CryoSat-2 over Lakes
5.1. Time Series Construction
5.2. Lake Level Trend Estimation
5.3. Lake Storage Calculation
6. Use of CryoSat-2 over Rivers
6.1. Masking and Filtering
6.2. Densification
6.3. Merging with Hydrodynamic Models
7. Discussion and Perspectives
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Satellite | Agency | Period | Altitude (km) | Altimeter | Frequency Used | Repetitivity (Day) | Equatorial Inter-Track Distance (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skylab | NASA | May 1973–February 1974 | 435 | S193 | Ku-band | ||
GEOS 3 | NASA | April 1975–July 1979 | 845 | ALT | Ku and C-band | ||
SeaSat | NASA | July–October 1978 | 800 | ALT | Ku-band | 17 | |
Geosat | US Navy | October 1985–January 1990 | 800 | Ku-band | 17 | ||
ERS-1 | ESA | July 1991–March 2000 | 785 | RA | Ku-band | 35 | 80 |
Topex/Poseidon | NASA/CNES | September 1992–October 2005 | 1336 | Poseidon | Ku and C-band | 10 | 315 |
ERS-2 | ESA | April 1995–July 2011 | 785 | RA | Ku-band | 35 | 80 |
GFO | US Navy/NOAA | February 1998–October 2008 | 800 | GFO-RA | Ku-band | 17 | 165 |
Jason-1 | CNES/NASA | December 2001–June 2013 | 1336 | Poseidon-2 | Ku and C-band | 10 | 315 |
Envisat | ESA | March 2002–April 2012 | 800 | RA-2 | Ku and S-band | 35 | 80 |
OSTM/Jason-2 | CNES/NASA/Eumetsat/NOAA | Jun 2008–present | 1336 | Poseidon-3 | Ku and C-band | 10 | 315 |
CryoSat-2 | ESA | April 2010–present | 720 | SIRAL | Ku-band | 369 | 7.5 |
HY-2 | China | August 2011–present | 971 | Ku and C-band | 14, 168 | ||
Saral | ISRO/CNES | February 2013–present | 800 | AltiKa | Ka-band | 35 | 80 |
Jason-3 | CNES/NASA/Eumetsat/NOAA | January 2016–present | 1336 | Poseidon-3B | Ku and C-band | 10 | 315 |
Sentinel-3A | ESA | February 2016–present | 814 | SRAL | Ku and C-band | 27 | 104 |
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Jiang, L.; Schneider, R.; Andersen, O.B.; Bauer-Gottwein, P. CryoSat-2 Altimetry Applications over Rivers and Lakes. Water 2017, 9, 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030211
Jiang L, Schneider R, Andersen OB, Bauer-Gottwein P. CryoSat-2 Altimetry Applications over Rivers and Lakes. Water. 2017; 9(3):211. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030211
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Liguang, Raphael Schneider, Ole B. Andersen, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein. 2017. "CryoSat-2 Altimetry Applications over Rivers and Lakes" Water 9, no. 3: 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030211