Influence of Extreme Strength in Water Quality of the Jucazinho Reservoir, Northeastern Brazil, PE
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Spring Studied and Its Area of Hydric Contribution
2.2. Acquisition of Data
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of the Original Variables and Correlations between Variables
3.2. Principal Component Analysis
4. Conclusions
- The employment of PCA promoted a reduction of 10 parameters of surface water quality in two components, which together explain 55% of total variance, illuminating the main problems that interfere in the temporal variation in water quality.
- The results of PCA showed a tendency toward formation over years, and even over months, of similar water quality parameters, conditioned by rainfall, indicating, in general, the temporal variations of the parameters analyzed. The temporal pattern obtained by the analysis shows that two factors are responsible for the variation in water quality during periods of drought, one observed over many years and other observed every six months.
- Wet years increase the inflow to the reservoir, so more domestic and industrial sewage is contributed, which in turn increases the turbidity and the content of phosphorus in the spring. On the other hand, years with little or no precipitation provide low inflow to the reservoir. In these conditions, there is an increase in total solids (dissolved salts) and, consequently, in electrical conductivity in view of the increase of the evaporation of the repressed water volume. An increase photosynthetic activity can also be seen, as is evidenced by the increase in the oxygen content in the water and in pH.
- The research shows the importance of water quality monitoring, where adequate statistical treatment can provide subsidies for better monitoring to preserve water quality for public water supply. In extreme dry periods, the identification of annual and semi-annual variation behavior can assist managers in making decisions regarding reservoir operation, monitoring the most important parameters and actions that minimize the impact of this extreme drought.
- The results of the study were relevant in the conduction of new methodologies for monitoring and management of the reservoir, since the applied statistical treatment shed light on the most recurrent problems of extreme drought, and these findings can be extended to other reservoirs located in the semi-arid of Northeastern Brazil.
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean | Standard Deviation | Variance | Coefficient of Variation |
---|---|---|---|---|
CB (cell mL−1) | 3.81 × 107 | 1.38 × 107 | 1.90 × 107 | 3.62 |
TUR (UNT) | 5.45 | 4.36 | 19.01 | 0.80 |
BDO (mg L−1) | 3.26 | 2.03 | 4.11 | 0.62 |
P (mg L−1) | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.38 |
DO (mg L−1) | 6.85 | 2.05 | 4.21 | 0.30 |
TS (mg L−1) | 1084.16 | 172.80 | 29,859.41 | 0.16 |
VD (%) | 88.13 | 13.52 | 182.74 | 0.15 |
EC (dSm−1) | 1.680 | 0.232 | 0.054 | 0.14 |
pH | 8.37 | 0.62 | 0.38 | 0.07 |
T (°C) | 27.66 | 1.23 | 1.52 | 0.04 |
T | pH | EC | DO | BDO | P | TUR | TS | CB | VD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | 1.000 | |||||||||
pH | 0.362 | 1.000 | ||||||||
EC | −0.078 | 0.055 | 1.000 | |||||||
DO | 0.383 | 0.700 | −0.155 | 1.000 | ||||||
BDO | 0.279 | 0.500 | −0.262 | 0.427 | 1.000 | |||||
P | −0.038 | 0.081 | −0.537 | 0.099 | 0.449 | 1.000 | ||||
TUR | 0.309 | 0.088 | −0.510 | 0.156 | 0.099 | 0.395 | 1.000 | |||
TS | −0.114 | 0.024 | 0.839 | −0.082 | −0.293 | −0.455 | −0.435 | 1.000 | ||
CB | 0.000 | −0.036 | 0.421 | −0.141 | −0.195 | −0.375 | −0.220 | 0.390 | 1.000 | |
VD | −0.137 | −0.107 | −0.537 | 0.009 | −0.011 | 0.097 | −0.061 | −0.483 | −0.105 | 1.000 |
Components | Eigenvalues | Explained Variance (%) | Accumulated Eingenvalues | Accumulated Explained Variance (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PC1 | 3.35 | 33.52 | 3.35 | 33.52 |
PC2 | 2.22 | 22.18 | 5.57 | 55.70 |
PC3 | 1.12 | 11.23 | 6.69 | 66.93 |
PC4 | 1.02 | 10.22 | 7.72 | 77.15 |
PC5 | 0.73 | 7.32 | 8.45 | 84.47 |
PC6 | 0.59 | 5.88 | 9.04 | 90.35 |
PC7 | 0.34 | 3.38 | 9.37 | 93.73 |
PC8 | 0.29 | 2.86 | 9.66 | 96.59 |
PC9 | 0.23 | 2.26 | 9.89 | 98.86 |
PC10 | 0.11 | 1.14 | 10.00 | 100.00 |
Components | PC 1 | PC 2 |
---|---|---|
T | 0.299 | 0.561 |
pH | 0.306 | 0.81 |
EC | −0.853 | 0.389 |
DO | 0.432 | 0.696 |
BDO | 0.576 | 0.464 |
P | 0.688 | −0.133 |
TUR | 0.596 | −0.012 |
TS | −0.812 | 0.364 |
CB | −0.548 | 0.155 |
VD | 0.366 | −0.472 |
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De Melo, R.R.C.; Rameh Barbosa, I.M.B.; Ferreira, A.A.; Lee Barbosa Firmo, A.; Da Silva, S.R.; Cirilo, J.A.; De Aquino, R.R.B. Influence of Extreme Strength in Water Quality of the Jucazinho Reservoir, Northeastern Brazil, PE. Water 2017, 9, 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120955
De Melo RRC, Rameh Barbosa IMB, Ferreira AA, Lee Barbosa Firmo A, Da Silva SR, Cirilo JA, De Aquino RRB. Influence of Extreme Strength in Water Quality of the Jucazinho Reservoir, Northeastern Brazil, PE. Water. 2017; 9(12):955. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120955
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Melo, Rafael Roney Camara, Ioná Maria Beltrão Rameh Barbosa, Aida Araújo Ferreira, Alessandra Lee Barbosa Firmo, Simone Rosa Da Silva, José Almir Cirilo, and Ronaldo Ribeiro Barbosa De Aquino. 2017. "Influence of Extreme Strength in Water Quality of the Jucazinho Reservoir, Northeastern Brazil, PE" Water 9, no. 12: 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120955
APA StyleDe Melo, R. R. C., Rameh Barbosa, I. M. B., Ferreira, A. A., Lee Barbosa Firmo, A., Da Silva, S. R., Cirilo, J. A., & De Aquino, R. R. B. (2017). Influence of Extreme Strength in Water Quality of the Jucazinho Reservoir, Northeastern Brazil, PE. Water, 9(12), 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120955