Thermal Study on Extensive Green Roof Integrated Irrigation in Northwestern Arid Regions of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What is the best model to simulate green roofs in arid climates?
- What plant species have the greatest impact on the temperature inside the buildings during long-term drought?
- How can integrated irrigation systems be designed for drought resistance?
- How can the thermal characteristics of green roofs be assessed under drought and strong light area conditions?
- How can thermal changes be assessed after irrigation?
2. Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Selection of Plant Species
- a
- Sedum lineare has a dense root system and is a rapidly growing species. It propagates easily and is drought-tolerant. Previous research has shown Sedum spp. reliability and dependability to be of crucial importance in green roof implementation [18].
- b
- Aptenia cordifolia is a succulent with bright green leaves and red flowers. It is very efficient in heavy metal uptake for sewage sludge compost recuperation. Earlier studies reveal that it is capable of surviving drought conditions [19].
- c
- Tifdwarf bermuda grass has been one of the most popular choices for putting greens for over 40 years [20].
2.3. Construction of Reduced-Scale Building Models
2.4. Establishment of Irrigation System
2.5. Set-up of Monitoring Instrument
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Drought Tolerance
3.2. Comparison of the Effect of Green Roofs on Temperature
3.3. Statistical Test and Variance Analysis
3.4. Infrared Thermal Imaging of Plants and Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Temperature Interval (°C) | Outside Temperature | Internal Temperature Frequency with Green Roof | Internal Temperature Frequency without Green Roof | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Frequency (%) | Number | Frequency (%) | Number | Frequency (%) | |
33~34.9 | 50 | 5 | 30 | 3 | 23 | 2.3 |
35~36.9 | 45 | 4.5 | 34 | 3.4 | 18 | 1.8 |
37~38.9 | 23 | 2.3 | 10 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.1 |
39~40.9 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 0.7 | 12 | 1.2 |
41~42.9 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 7 | 0.7 |
43~44.9 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1.1 |
45~46.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1.5 |
47~48.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0.9 |
49~50.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1.2 |
51~52.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 2.6 |
53~54.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 2.1 |
55~56.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1.5 |
57~58.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.4 |
∑ | 130 | 13 | 82 | 8.2 | 158 | 15.8 |
<33 °C | 870 | 87 | 918 | 91.8 | 842 | 84.2 |
≥35 °C | 80 | 8 | 52 | 5.2 | 135 | 13.5 |
Name | Outside Temperature (A) | Internal Temperature Frequency with Green Roof (B) | Internal Temperature Frequency without Green Roof (C) |
---|---|---|---|
Test Number | Test Number | Test Number | |
Average value | 10 | 6.307692 | 14.15385 |
Standard deviation Sx | 17.92577 | 11.863 | 6.401122 |
Sample number n | 13 | 13 | 13 |
Minimum value xmin | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Maximum value xmax | 50 | 34 | 26 |
Range xmin~xmax | 0~50 | 0~34 | 4~26 |
Confidence interval half width d | 0.000714 | 0.000714 | 0.000714 |
Double tail pair comparison t test | 0.386006 (A and C) | 0.036636 (A and B) | 0.026228 (B and C) |
Summary | ||||||
Group | Observation number | Summation | Average | Variance | ||
A | 13 | 130 | 10 | 321.3333 | ||
B | 13 | 82 | 6.307692 | 140.7308 | ||
C | 13 | 184 | 14.15385 | 40.97436 | ||
Variance Analysis | ||||||
Source of variance | SS | df | MS | F | P-value | F crit |
Inter-group | 400.6154 | 2 | 200.3077 | 1.194587 | 0.314548 | 3.259446 |
Intra-group | 6036.462 | 36 | 167.6795 | |||
Total | 6437.077 | 38 |
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Wang, Y.; Singh, R.P.; Fu, D.; Zhang, J.; Zhou, F. Thermal Study on Extensive Green Roof Integrated Irrigation in Northwestern Arid Regions of China. Water 2017, 9, 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110810
Wang Y, Singh RP, Fu D, Zhang J, Zhou F. Thermal Study on Extensive Green Roof Integrated Irrigation in Northwestern Arid Regions of China. Water. 2017; 9(11):810. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110810
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yajun, Rajendra Prasad Singh, Dafang Fu, Junyu Zhang, and Fang Zhou. 2017. "Thermal Study on Extensive Green Roof Integrated Irrigation in Northwestern Arid Regions of China" Water 9, no. 11: 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9110810