Three-Dimensional Modeling of Wind- and Temperature-Induced Flows in the Icó-Mandantes Bay, Itaparica Reservoir, NE Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Since wind is considered responsible of hydrodynamic mixing in water bodies and of the relevant increase of flow velocities during storms in shallow lakes [13,15], does the wind (moderate wind, windstorms) significantly influence the three-dimensional flow circulations also in the Icó-Mandantes Bay and in which way? How do the flow velocities change and to which extent?
- Density differences are known to drive currents [6,12,19,21]: how does heating of the water surface due to warmer air temperature alter the hydraulics in the bay and how (e.g., velocity profiles, intensities)? Which are the consequent three-dimensional effects (e.g., stratification, flow circulation)?
- In the revised literature, the implications of the numerical results for appropriate environmental policy and management are often not explored and the focus of discussion is strictly limited on the hydrodynamic findings. In contrast, we intend to additionally address in this work: how do the outcomes of this research influence management of the bay (sustainability of aquatic ecosystem services)? Which are the recommendations and the adaptive measures to be embraced?
2. Governing Equations
3. Study Region
4. Setup of the Model and the Scenarios
4.1. Computational Domain and Processing Tools
4.2. Wind and Temperature Data
4.3. Simulation Scenarios
- REF (reference): application of constant mean wind on normal reservoir-operating conditions;
- WIND: simulation of a windstorm event, i.e., imposing 6 h of extreme wind, starting from REF;
- HEAT: simplified approach to simulate the effects of water heating, applying a constant temperature change (ΔT) between water and air equal to 10 °C, starting from REF;
4.4. Observation Points and Sections
5. Results
5.1. Reference Case (REF)
5.2. Windstorm Scenario (WIND) and Return to Equilibrium Condition
5.3. Surface Water Heating Scenario (HEAT)
5.4. Synthesis and Discussion
- the modeling showed that the 3D flow field was sensitive to the heating of water surface, inducing a vertical movement of the water mass and, thus, contributing to the vertical water mixing;
- the deeper reservoir main stream is characterized by a strong inflowing discharge from the upstream Sobradinho (here, approx. 2000 m3/s), which did not allow a stable stratification in the flow field concerning that part;
- according to Boehrer and Schultze [12], stratification can be established in the warm season if the lake is sufficiently deep (which is not the case here). Additionally, lakes are found to behave like an epilimnion (to be well mixed), in response to strong temperature gradients between water and air (10 °C in this case).
5.5. Recommendations for Water Management
- The reservoir management needs a new approach, which requires first of all a differentiated analysis and evaluation for the reservoir main stream and its bays, characterized by different regimes (e.g., velocities), and where the 3D modeling is adopted as supporting tool;
- In particular, the withdrawals for drinking water and for irrigation agriculture, located in the tip of the bay and along the south-eastern shallow shores of the bay, should stop working during windstorms and at least three days afterwards, especially in case of rain after long droughts. In such event, two important facts would occur: (1) the mostly frequent wind from SE to NW induces the flow in a strong circulation current along the southeastern shore, where the irrigation lands are located, towards the tip of the bay; (2) the irrigation drainage systems would be overflowed and rich of nutrients and pollutants from the field, in case of rain, especially after long droughts. This implies that material such as suspended sediments, nutrients and rubbish would be transported towards the tip of the bay, where the water diversion is located. To be able to prevent or at least reduce such issues, it is important as well to launch initiatives among the rural communities such as the cleaning up of the shores areas from undesired material and the implementation of waste-collection procedures, since there is no proper disposal of waste or emissions by various consumptions in the region;
- Water surface heating due to strong temperature gradients would induce the suspended material present in the surface layers to be transported to the center of the bay, where the water is more stagnant even during a windstorm. On the contrary, the substances, nutrients and sediments deposited in the bottom layers would be conducted towards the shores and to the upper layers, with the occurrence of upwelling near land. This may increase phenomena like the accumulation of sediments in the shallow areas, which desiccate during the water level decrease due to hydropower operations, increasing the development of HAB. Further assessments using a water quality module are needed to support water management in this direction;
- The 3D model can then be used to identify high risk contamination areas in the Icó-Mandantes Bay, in order to plan promptly the necessary monitoring operations to ensure good standards of water quality for drinking water, as well as to control and regulate the development of further net cage aquaculture systems, in particular in the stagnant areas of the bay, next to the water intakes (water supply, irrigation).
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scenarios | Simulation | Period of the Day (h) | Wind Velocity [m/s] | Wind Direction [°] | Tracer Transport |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
REF | 10 days | 00:00–24:00 | 5.5 | 140 | Not included |
WIND | 1 day | 00:00–09:00 | 5.5 | 140 | Not included |
09:00–15:00 | 20.0 | ||||
15:00–24:00 | 5.5 | ||||
HEAT | 1 day, 1 week, 1 month | 00:00–24:00 | 5.5 | 140 | = 10 °C |
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Matta, E.; Selge, F.; Gunkel, G.; Hinkelmann, R. Three-Dimensional Modeling of Wind- and Temperature-Induced Flows in the Icó-Mandantes Bay, Itaparica Reservoir, NE Brazil. Water 2017, 9, 772. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100772
Matta E, Selge F, Gunkel G, Hinkelmann R. Three-Dimensional Modeling of Wind- and Temperature-Induced Flows in the Icó-Mandantes Bay, Itaparica Reservoir, NE Brazil. Water. 2017; 9(10):772. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100772
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatta, Elena, Florian Selge, Günter Gunkel, and Reinhard Hinkelmann. 2017. "Three-Dimensional Modeling of Wind- and Temperature-Induced Flows in the Icó-Mandantes Bay, Itaparica Reservoir, NE Brazil" Water 9, no. 10: 772. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100772
APA StyleMatta, E., Selge, F., Gunkel, G., & Hinkelmann, R. (2017). Three-Dimensional Modeling of Wind- and Temperature-Induced Flows in the Icó-Mandantes Bay, Itaparica Reservoir, NE Brazil. Water, 9(10), 772. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100772