Generalized Storage–Yield–Reliability Relationships for Analysing Shopping Centre Rainwater Harvesting Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection and Acquisition of Data
2.2. Simulation Analysis
2.3. Formulating Generalized Storage–Yield–Reliability Relationships
3. Results
3.1. Simulation Analysis
3.2. Generalized Storage–Yield–Reliability Relationships
3.3. Verification of Generalized Model
4. Case Study: RWH System for Maponya Mall
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Mall | Retail Area (m2) | Roof Area (m2) | Rainfall Station No. | Distance from Mall (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gauteng | Sandton City | 128,000 | 83,472 | 0476093 W | 6.67 |
South Gate Mall | 89,700 | 45,349 | 0476044 W | 6.24 | |
Norwood Mall | 32,344 | 32,194 | 0476129 W | 0.43 | |
Braamfontein Centre | 21,309 | 3416 | 0475881 W | 0.97 | |
Grayston Centre | 5000 | 4198 | 0476093 W | 5.68 | |
Cape Town | Canal Walk | 141,000 | 26,082 | 0020896 W | 4.38 |
Tygervally Centre | 90,000 | 55,403 | 0021230 W | 4.74 | |
Willow Bridge | 40,051 | 23,390 | 0021230 W | 3.95 | |
Howard Centre | 15,000 | 14,052 | 0021055 w | 2.88 | |
Capricon Square | 5889 | 6374 | 0020839 W | 13.11 | |
Limpopo | Mall of the North | 75,000 | 35,199 | 0678023 W | 1.26 |
Savanah Mall | 37,000 | 17,880 | 0677834 W | 2.15 | |
Limpopo Mall | 27,766 | 7446 | 0677834 W | 1.81 | |
Cycad Shopping Centre | 12,000 | 5267 | 0677834 W | 0.94 | |
Kwa Zulu Natal | Gateway Mall | 180,000 | 123,498/73,313 * | 0241103 W | 0.97 |
Liberty Midlands Mall | 75,000 | 74,702/55,241 * | 0239605 P | 3.21 | |
Musgrave Centre | 39,886 | 20,058 | 0240738 W | 8.36 | |
Phoenix Plaza | 24,162 | 29,307/18,070 * | 0241042 W | 2.72 | |
Granada Square | 5818 | 2097 | 0241103 W | 2.15 | |
NW | Matlosana | 65,000 | 50,100/40,000 ! | 0436495 W | 8.03 |
FS | Mimosa | 25,000 | 5297 | 0261368 W | 2.30 |
MP | Riverside | 49,529 | 45,000 | 0556088 W | 9.02 |
EC | Baywest | 90,000 | 45,351 | 0035209 W | 14.85 |
Rainfall Station No. | MAP (mm/Year) | Length of Data (Years) | Percentage of Observed of Data | Percentage of In-Filled Data | Percentage of Missing Data |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0476093 W | 552 | 107 | 55.2 | 40.9 | 3.9 |
0476044 W | 727 | 107 | 75.7 | 20.4 | 3.9 |
0476129 W | 752 | 107 | 73.7 | 22.4 | 3.9 |
0475881 W | 788 | 107 | 84.4 | 11.7 | 3.9 |
0020896 W | 563 | 149 | 44.3 | 54.7 | 1.0 |
0021230 W | 586 | 150 | 47.8 | 52.1 | 0.1 |
0021055 W | 483 | 149 | 60.6 | 38.4 | 1.0 |
0020839 W | 1183 | 149 | 44.4 | 54.6 | 1.0 |
0678023 W | 464 | 96 | 83.1 | 16.9 | 0.0 |
0677834 W | 485 | 96 | 92.9 | 7.1 | 0.0 |
0241103 W | 1144 | 125 | 59.6 | 37.5 | 2.9 |
0239605 P | 925 | 107 | 67.9 | 31.2 | 0.9 |
0240738 W | 876 | 127 | 45.7 | 52.4 | 1.9 |
0241042 W | 1072 | 125 | 49.1 | 48.0 | 2.9 |
0436495 W | 588 | 82 | 97.9 | 2.1 | 0.0 |
0556088 W | 718 | 98 | 69.4 | 30.6 | 0.0 |
0261368 W | 550 | 97 | 91.9 | 8.1 | 0.0 |
0035209 W | 590 | 124 | 54.0 | 45.8 | 0.2 |
Shopping Centre | Reliability (%) | 85 | 90 | 95 | 98 | 99 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
South Gate | Yield * | 142 | 132 | 122 | 101 | 72 |
Storage ** | 4750 | 4250 | 2750 | 1500 | 1500 | |
Braamfontein | Yield | 12 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 6 |
Storage | 130 | 160 | 90 | 130 | 90 | |
Grayston | Yield | 70 | 61 | 55 | 45 | 40 |
Storage | 240 | 165 | 240 | 150 | 105 | |
Norwood | Yield | 116 | 107 | 95 | 84 | 76 |
Storage | 1800 | 3200 | 2000 | 1600 | 1600 | |
Sandton | Yield | 120 | 112 | 104 | 69 | 68 |
Storage | 6800 | 6800 | 5600 | 2000 | 1600 | |
Capricon | Yield | 242 | 228 | 195 | 172 | 161 |
Storage | 3000 | 3750 | 1250 | 1000 | 750 | |
Howard | Yield | 91 | 84 | 77 | 69 | 63 |
Storage | 800 | 550 | 500 | 350 | 300 | |
Willow Bridge | Yield | 35 | 32 | 28 | 26 | 25 |
Storage | 1000 | 600 | 450 | 450 | 450 | |
Tyger Valley | Yield | 139 | 125 | 117 | 108 | 101 |
Storage | 5100 | 3300 | 3000 | 2400 | 2400 | |
Canal Walk | Yield | 21 | 19 | 16 | 12 | 8 |
Storage | 750 | 1125 | 750 | 450 | 300 | |
Mall of North | Yield | 65 | 58 | 54 | 44 | 30 |
Storage | 4000 | 3250 | 3000 | 2000 | 1250 | |
Savanah | Yield | 23 | 22 | 18 | 13 | 11 |
Storage | 525 | 825 | 825 | 525 | 525 | |
Limpopo | Yield | 16 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 8 |
Storage | 240 | 300 | 240 | 390 | 270 | |
Cycad | Yield | 23 | 22 | 18 | 13 | 12 |
Storage | 160 | 240 | 240 | 160 | 180 | |
Gateway-Reduced area | Yield | 140 | 131 | 108 | 101 | 85 |
Storage | 32,000 | 24,000 | 10,000 | 8000 | 6000 | |
Liberty-reduced area | Yield | 243 | 196 | 162 | 142 | 138 |
Storage | 15,300 | 9000 | 4500 | 2700 | 1800 | |
Musgrave | Yield | 41 | 37 | 30 | 27 | 18 |
Storage | 1100 | 1000 | 600 | 600 | 400 | |
Phoenix-reduced area | Yield | 153 | 143 | 121 | 104 | 90 |
Storage | 7500 | 8500 | 2500 | 1500 | 1500 | |
Granada | Yield | 46 | 39 | 33 | 27 | 26 |
Storage | 255 | 135 | 120 | 90 | 105 |
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Ndiritu, J.; Moodley, Y.; Guliwe, M. Generalized Storage–Yield–Reliability Relationships for Analysing Shopping Centre Rainwater Harvesting Systems. Water 2017, 9, 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100771
Ndiritu J, Moodley Y, Guliwe M. Generalized Storage–Yield–Reliability Relationships for Analysing Shopping Centre Rainwater Harvesting Systems. Water. 2017; 9(10):771. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100771
Chicago/Turabian StyleNdiritu, John, Yashiren Moodley, and Mondli Guliwe. 2017. "Generalized Storage–Yield–Reliability Relationships for Analysing Shopping Centre Rainwater Harvesting Systems" Water 9, no. 10: 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100771