Distribution and Potential Health Risks of Arsenic, Selenium, and Fluorine in Natural Waters in Tibet, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Field Measurement
2.3. Laboratory Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water Chemistry
3.2. Concentrations of Arsenic in Different Types of Water and Different Prefectures
3.3. Concentrations of Selenium in Different Types of Water and Different Prefectures
3.4. Concentrations of Fluorine in Different Types of Water and Different Prefectures
3.5. Elemental Concentration and Hydrochemical Characteristics of Tibet’s Natural Waters
3.6. Preliminary Discussion of the Causes of Variation in Tibetan Water Samples
3.7. Correlations of Elemental Concentrations
3.8. Assessment of Potential Health Risk in Tibet’s Natural Waters
3.8.1. Exposure Assessment
3.8.2. Non-Carcinogenic Risk
3.8.3. Carcinogenic Risk
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Se | Cl− | F− | NO3− | SO42− | HCO3 | Ag | Al | Ba | Be | Cd | Co | Cr | |
Pearson Correlation | 0.15 * | 0.73 ** | 0.00 | –0.02 | 0.06 | 0.27 ** | 0.27 ** | –0.01 | 0.13 | 0.45 ** | 0.12 | –0.01 | 0.14 * |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.03 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.93 | 0.04 |
N | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 |
Cu | Li | Mn | Ni | Pb | Tl | V | Cs | Ga | In | Rb | U | Bi | |
Pearson Correlation | 0.28 ** | 0.83 ** | 0.02 | 0.14 * | –0.02 | 0.74 ** | 0.09 | 0.94 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.94 ** | –0.02 | –0.01 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.79 | 0.05 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.74 | 0.86 |
N | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 |
Mo | Zn | Fe | Ti | Hg | B | Ca | K | Mg | Na | P | SiO2 | Sr | |
Pearson Correlation | 0.03 | –0.03 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.95 ** | 0.93 ** | 0.03 | 0.26 ** | 0.13 | 0.26 ** | 0.05 | 0.52 ** | 0.18 ** |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.96 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
N | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 | 204 |
Elements | Al | As–NC | Ba | Cd-NC | Co | Cr-NC | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni-NC | Pb | Se | Sr | V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADD-Lhasa | ADD1 | 1.030 | 0.027 | 0.188 | 5.23 × 10−5 | 9.07 × 10−4 | 0.040 | 6.76 × 10−3 | 2.075 | 0.037 | 6.72 × 10−3 | 1.78 × 10−3 | 3.18 × 10−3 | 0.932 | 0.000 |
ADD2 | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.220 | 9.80 × 10−5 | 9.84 × 10−4 | 0.080 | 0.011 | 1.549 | 0.041 | 0.014 | 1.16 × 10−3 | 4.77 × 10−3 | 2.731 | 0.012 | |
ADD-Shigatse | ADD1 | 1.319 | 0.040 | 0.098 | 3.01 × 10−5 | 9.98 × 10−4 | 0.038 | 4.06 × 10−3 | 2.034 | 0.018 | 8.03 × 10−3 | 1.29 × 10−3 | 0.010 | 1.968 | 0.039 |
ADD2 | 0.027 | 0.066 | 0.349 | 9.22 × 10−5 | 1.07 × 10−3 | 0.080 | 4.96 × 10−3 | 1.465 | 1.07 × 10−3 | 0.013 | 1.31 × 10−5 | 9.21 × 10−3 | 2.857 | 0.020 | |
ADD-Chamdo | ADD1 | 3.525 | 0.032 | 0.444 | 5.33 × 10−5 | 2.56 × 10−3 | 0.064 | 7.71 × 10−3 | 4.853 | 0.432 | 0.023 | 2.12 × 10−3 | 9.40 × 10−3 | 2.712 | 0.017 |
ADD2 | 0.029 | 0.030 | 0.678 | 6.16 × 10−5 | 1.79 × 10−3 | 0.101 | 7.94 × 10−3 | 2.112 | 7.56 × 10−3 | 0.020 | 1.22 × 10−4 | 8.51 × 10−3 | 5.012 | 0.011 | |
ADD-Nagchu | ADD1 | 3.525 | 0.032 | 0.444 | 5.33 × 10−5 | 2.56 × 10−3 | 0.064 | 7.71 × 10−3 | 4.853 | 0.432 | 0.023 | 2.12 × 10−3 | 9.40 × 10−3 | 2.712 | 0.017 |
ADD2 | 0.030 | 0.031 | 0.698 | 6.16 × 10−5 | 1.71 × 10−3 | 0.099 | 7.59 × 10−3 | 2.031 | 4.04 × 10−3 | 0.019 | 1.28 × 10−4 | 8.66 × 10−3 | 5.035 | 0.012 | |
ADD-Lhoka | ADD1 | 0.026 | 0.015 | 0.063 | 6.33 × 10−5 | 3.88 × 10−4 | 0.028 | 1.34 × 10−3 | 1.477 | 2.22 × 10−3 | 3.53 × 10−3 | 2.45 × 10−5 | 5.38 × 10−3 | 1.291 | 0.056 |
ADD2 | 0.014 | 0.025 | 0.176 | 4.37 × 10−5 | 5.67 × 10−4 | 0.044 | 4.34 × 10−4 | 1.200 | 0.027 | 7.57 × 10−3 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 3.036 | 0.023 | |
ADD-Nyingchi | ADD1 | 0.134 | 0.020 | 0.063 | 4.08 × 10−5 | 4.00 × 10−4 | 0.023 | 0.000 | 0.747 | 5.86 × 10−4 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 6.00 × 10−3 | 4.164 | 0.024 |
ADD2 | 0.057 | 6.50 × 10−3 | 0.020 | 1.22 × 10−4 | 9.80 × 10−5 | 0.012 | 7.71 × 10−4 | 0.149 | 7.35 × 10−5 | 9.43 × 10−4 | 0.000 | 2.14 × 10−3 | 0.186 | 0.022 | |
ADD-Ali | ADD1 | 0.490 | 1.620 | 0.200 | 1.09 × 10−4 | 9.46 × 10−4 | 0.020 | 6.94 × 10−3 | 2.071 | 0.017 | 0.015 | 5.08 × 10−4 | 0.012 | 3.312 | 0.006 |
ADD2 | 0.031 | 0.458 | 0.309 | 7.63 × 10−5 | 1.21 × 10−3 | 0.046 | 5.56 × 10−3 | 1.577 | 0.022 | 0.014 | 5.23 × 10−5 | 0.010 | 4.161 | 0.006 |
Element | Al | As-NC | Ba | Cd-NC | Co | Cr-NC | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni-NC | Pb | Se | Sr | V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RfD | 1000 | 0.3 | 200 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 3 | 40 | 700 | 24 | 20 | 1.4 | 5 | 600 | 5 | |
HQ-Lhasa | HQ1 | 1.03× 10−3 | 0.091 | 9.38 × 10−4 | 1.05 × 10−4 | 3.02 × 10−3 | 0.013 | 1.69 × 10−4 | 2.96 × 10−3 | 1.52 × 10−3 | 3.36 × 10−4 | 1.27 × 10−3 | 6.36 × 10−4 | 1.55 × 10−3 | 0.000 |
HQ2 | 2.15 × 10−5 | 0.077 | 1.10 × 10−3 | 1.96 × 10−4 | 3.28 × 10−3 | 0.027 | 2.77 × 10−4 | 2.21 × 10−3 | 1.73 × 10−3 | 7.23 × 10−4 | 8.29 × 10−4 | 9.55 × 10−4 | 4.55 × 10−3 | 2.47 × 10−3 | |
HQ-Shigatse | HQ1 | 1.32 × 10−3 | 0.132 | 4.88 × 10−4 | 6.03 × 10−5 | 3.33 × 10−3 | 0.013 | 1.02 × 10−4 | 2.91 × 10−3 | 7.38 × 10−4 | 4.01 × 10−4 | 9.20 × 10−4 | 2.03 × 10−3 | 3.28 × 10−3 | 7.76 × 10−3 |
HQ2 | 2.68 × 10−5 | 0.220 | 1.74 × 10−3 | 1.84 × 10−4 | 3.56 × 10−3 | 0.027 | 1.24 × 10−4 | 2.09 × 10−3 | 4.44 × 10−5 | 6.44 × 10−4 | 9.33 × 10−6 | 1.84 × 10−3 | 4.76 × 10−3 | 4.08 × 10−3 | |
HQ-Chamdo | HQ1 | 4.37 × 10−5 | 0.041 | 1.51 × 10−3 | 1.47 × 10−4 | 2.07 × 10−3 | 7.57 × 10−3 | 9.49 × 10−6 | 1.02 × 10−3 | 1.55 × 10−4 | 4.49 × 10−4 | 2.73 × 10−5 | 1.64 × 10−3 | 2.93 × 10−3 | 2.21 × 10−3 |
HQ2 | 1.47 × 10−5 | 0.106 | 1.68 × 10−3 | 0.000 | 1.45 × 10−3 | 8.97 × 10−3 | 3.90 × 10−5 | 1.12 × 10−3 | 0.000 | 2.04 × 10−4 | 1.31 × 10−5 | 1.48 × 10−3 | 1.25 × 10−2 | 2.05 × 10−3 | |
HQ-Nagchu | HQ1 | 3.53 × 10−3 | 0.106 | 2.22 × 10−3 | 1.07 × 10−4 | 8.54 × 10−3 | 0.021 | 1.93 × 10−4 | 6.93 × 10−3 | 1.80 × 10−2 | 1.16 × 10−3 | 1.51 × 10−3 | 1.88 × 10−3 | 4.52 × 10−3 | 3.42 × 10−3 |
HQ2 | 2.89 × 10−5 | 0.101 | 3.39 × 10−3 | 1.23 × 10−4 | 5.96 × 10−3 | 0.034 | 1.98 × 10−4 | 3.02 × 10−3 | 3.15 × 10−4 | 9.90 × 10−4 | 8.75 × 10−5 | 1.70 × 10−3 | 8.35 × 10−3 | 2.26 × 10−3 | |
HQ-Lhoka | HQ1 | 2.58 × 10−5 | 0.051 | 3.13 × 10−4 | 1.27 × 10−4 | 1.29 × 10−3 | 9.38 × 10−3 | 3.36 × 10−5 | 2.11 × 10−3 | 9.26 × 10−5 | 1.76 × 10−4 | 1.75 × 10−5 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 2.15 × 10−3 | 1.12 × 10−2 |
HQ2 | 1.36 × 10−5 | 0.084 | 8.79 × 10−4 | 8.75 × 10−5 | 1.89 × 10−3 | 0.015 | 1.08 × 10−5 | 1.71 × 10−3 | 1.12 × 10−3 | 3.79 × 10−4 | 0.000 | 2.30 × 10−3 | 5.06 × 10−3 | 4.56 × 10−3 | |
HQ-Nyingchi | HQ1 | 1.34 × 10−4 | 0.066 | 3.14 × 10−4 | 8.16 × 10−5 | 1.33 × 10−3 | 7.55 × 10−3 | 0.000 | 1.07 × 10−3 | 2.44 × 10−5 | 5.85 × 10−4 | 0.000 | 1.20 × 10−3 | 6.94 × 10−3 | 4.76 × 10−3 |
HQ2 | 5.66 × 10−5 | 0.022 | 1.01 × 10−4 | 2.45 × 10−4 | 3.27 × 10−4 | 4.15 × 10−3 | 1.93 × 10−5 | 2.13 × 10−4 | 3.06 × 10−6 | 4.71 × 10−5 | 0.000 | 4.29 × 10−4 | 3.10 × 10−4 | 4.40 × 10−3 | |
HQ-Ali | HQ1 | 4.90 × 10−4 | 5.400 | 9.98 × 10−4 | 2.19 × 10−4 | 3.15 × 10−3 | 6.79 × 10−3 | 1.73 × 10−4 | 2.96 × 10−3 | 7.23 × 10−4 | 7.44 × 10−4 | 3.63 × 10−4 | 2.35 × 10−3 | 5.52 × 10−3 | 1.28 × 10−3 |
HQ2 | 3.14 × 10−5 | 1.526 | 1.55 × 10−3 | 1.53 × 10−4 | 4.03 × 10−3 | 0.015 | 1.39 × 10−4 | 2.25 × 10−3 | 9.29 × 10−4 | 7.18 × 10−4 | 3.74 × 10−5 | 2.02 × 10−3 | 6.94 × 10−3 | 1.26 × 10−3 | |
HI-Lhasa | 1.05 × 10−3 | 0.168 | 2.04 × 10−3 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 6.30 × 10−3 | 0.040 | 4.46 × 10−4 | 5.18 × 10−3 | 3.25 × 10−3 | 1.06 × 10−3 | 2.10 × 10−3 | 1.59 × 10−3 | 6.11 × 10−3 | 2.47 × 10−3 | |
HI-Shigatse | 1.35 × 10−3 | 0.352 | 2.23 × 10−3 | 2.45 × 10−4 | 6.89 × 10−3 | 0.039 | 2.26 × 10−4 | 5.00 × 10−3 | 7.82 × 10−4 | 1.05 × 10−3 | 9.29 × 10−4 | 3.88 × 10−3 | 8.04 × 10−3 | 0.012 | |
HI-Chamdo | 5.84 × 10−5 | 0.146 | 3.19 × 10−3 | 1.47 × 10−4 | 3.52 × 10−3 | 0.017 | 4.85 × 10−5 | 2.13 × 10−3 | 1.55 × 10−4 | 6.53 × 10−4 | 4.04 × 10−5 | 3.12 × 10−3 | 0.015 | 4.25 × 10−3 | |
HI-Nagchu | 3.55 × 10−3 | 0.207 | 5.61 × 10−3 | 2.30 × 10−4 | 0.015 | 0.055 | 3.91 × 10−4 | 9.95 × 10−3 | 0.018 | 2.15 × 10−3 | 1.60 × 10−3 | 3.58 × 10−3 | 0.013 | 5.69 × 10−3 | |
HI-Lhoka | 3.94 × 10−5 | 0.135 | 1.19 × 10−3 | 2.14 × 10−4 | 3.18 × 10−3 | 0.024 | 4.45 × 10−5 | 3.82 × 10−3 | 1.21 × 10−3 | 5.55 × 10−4 | 1.75 × 10−5 | 3.37 × 10−3 | 7.21 × 10−3 | 0.016 | |
HI-Nyingchi | 1.91× 10−4 | 0.088 | 4.15 × 10−4 | 3.27 × 10−4 | 1.66 × 10−3 | 0.012 | 1.93 × 10−5 | 1.28 × 10−3 | 2.75 × 10−5 | 6.33 × 10−4 | 0.000 | 1.63 × 10−3 | 7.25 × 10−3 | 9.16 × 10−3 | |
HI-Ali | 5.21 × 10−4 | 6.926 | 2.54 × 10−3 | 3.71 × 10−4 | 7.18 × 10−3 | 0.022 | 3.12 × 10−4 | 5.21 × 10−3 | 1.65 × 10−3 | 1.46 × 10−3 | 4.00 × 10−4 | 4.36 × 10−3 | 1.25 × 10−2 | 2.54 × 10−3 |
Carcinogenic Risk | Classification | The Estimated Value of Cancer Risk |
---|---|---|
Carcinogenic risk-Lhasa | CR1 | 1.81 × 10−5 |
CR2 | 1.55 × 10−5 | |
Carcinogenic risk-Shigatse | CR1 | 2.64 × 10−5 |
CR2 | 4.40 × 10−5 | |
Carcinogenic risk-Chamdo | CR1 | 8.15 × 10−6 |
CR2 | 2.11 × 10−5 | |
Carcinogenic risk-Nagchu | CR1 | 2.12 × 10−5 |
CR2 | 2.02 × 10−5 | |
Carcinogenic risk-Lhoka | CR1 | 1.03 × 10−5 |
CR2 | 1.67 × 10−5 | |
Carcinogenic risk-Nyingchi | CR1 | 1.32 × 10−5 |
CR2 | 4.33 × 10−6 | |
Carcinogenic risk-Ali | CR1 | 1.08 × 10−3 |
CR2 | 3.05 × 10−4 |
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Tian, Y.; Yu, C.; Zha, X.; Wu, J.; Gao, X.; Feng, C.; Luo, K. Distribution and Potential Health Risks of Arsenic, Selenium, and Fluorine in Natural Waters in Tibet, China. Water 2016, 8, 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120568
Tian Y, Yu C, Zha X, Wu J, Gao X, Feng C, Luo K. Distribution and Potential Health Risks of Arsenic, Selenium, and Fluorine in Natural Waters in Tibet, China. Water. 2016; 8(12):568. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120568
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Yuan, Chengqun Yu, Xinjie Zha, Jianshang Wu, Xing Gao, Chujian Feng, and Kunli Luo. 2016. "Distribution and Potential Health Risks of Arsenic, Selenium, and Fluorine in Natural Waters in Tibet, China" Water 8, no. 12: 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120568
APA StyleTian, Y., Yu, C., Zha, X., Wu, J., Gao, X., Feng, C., & Luo, K. (2016). Distribution and Potential Health Risks of Arsenic, Selenium, and Fluorine in Natural Waters in Tibet, China. Water, 8(12), 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120568