Analysis of the Impacts of Man-Made Features on the Stationarity and Dependence of Monthly Mean Maximum and Minimum Water Levels in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River of North America
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Sites and Source of Hydrological Data
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Water Level Stationarity
3.2. Analysis of Dependence Using the Copula Method
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Minimum | Maximum | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn | T1 | T2 | Sn | T1 | T2 | |
Lake Superior | 0.0493 | 1998 | 1999 | 0.0627 | 1997 | 1998 |
Lakes Michigan-Huron | 0.0204 | - | - | 0.0167 | - | - |
Lake Erie | 0.2974 | 1966 | 1968 | 0.2300 | 1967 | 1970 |
Lake Ontario | 0.1236 | 1942 | 1943 | 0.0417 | 1942 | 1943 |
St. Lawrence River | 0.0123 | - | - | 0.1042 | 1955 | 1956 |
Lake | Minimum | Maximum | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Periods | Sn | T1 | T2 | Sn | T1 | T2 | |
Superior | 1918–1997 | 0.0201 | - | - | 0.0201 | - | - |
1998–2012 | 0.0097 | - | - | 0.0286 | - | - | |
Erie | 1918–1965 | 0.0341 | - | - | 0.0276 | - | - |
1969–2012 | 0.2262 | 1997 | 1999 | 0.1716 | 1998 | 1999 | |
Ontario | 1918–1941 | - | - | - | 0.0389 | - | - |
1944–2012 | - | - | - | 0.0045 | - | - | |
St. Lawrence | 1918–1954 | - | - | - | 0.0063 | - | - |
1957–2012 | - | - | - | 0.0104 | - | - |
Minimum | Maximum | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn | T1 | T2 | Sn | T1 | T2 | |
Lake Superior | 0.0416 | 1996 | 1997 | 0.0245 | - | - |
Lakes Michigan-Huron | 0.0233 | - | - | 0.0003 | - | - |
Lake Erie | 0.0138 | - | - | 0.0286 | - | - |
Lake Ontario | 0.2416 | 1965 | 1966 | 0.1962 | 1958 | 1959 |
St-Lawrence River | 0.0161 | - | 0.0129 | - | - |
Minimums | Maximums | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn | Vc | p-Values | T | Mn | Vc | p-Values | T | |
Superior-Michigan | 0.6702 | 0.8763 | 0.1880 | - | 0.7651 | 0.8080 | 0.0730 | - |
Michigan-Erie | 0.5418 | 0.5339 | 0.0430 | 1970 | 0.5209 | 0.5419 | 0.0670 | - |
Erie-Ontario | 0.9593 | 0.6690 | 0.0000 | 1958 | 0.6753 | 0.6278 | 0.0280 | 1956 |
Ontario-St.Lawrence | 0.4620 | 0.8912 | 0.291 | - | 0.7641 | 0.7950 | 0.065 | - |
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Assani, A.A. Analysis of the Impacts of Man-Made Features on the Stationarity and Dependence of Monthly Mean Maximum and Minimum Water Levels in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River of North America. Water 2016, 8, 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8110485
Assani AA. Analysis of the Impacts of Man-Made Features on the Stationarity and Dependence of Monthly Mean Maximum and Minimum Water Levels in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River of North America. Water. 2016; 8(11):485. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8110485
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssani, Ali Arkamose. 2016. "Analysis of the Impacts of Man-Made Features on the Stationarity and Dependence of Monthly Mean Maximum and Minimum Water Levels in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River of North America" Water 8, no. 11: 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8110485