Integrated Mosquito Management in Experimental Constructed Wetlands: Efficacy of Small-Stature Macrophytes and Fluctuating Hydroperiod
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Vegetation
2.3. Water Quality Monitoring
2.4. Mosquitoes and Invertebrates
3. Results
3.1. Vegetation
3.2. Water Quality
3.3. Mosquitoes and Invertebrates
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Height and Density | November 2012 | July 2013 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | N | |
B. maritimus height (cm) | ||||
Raised | 79.8 ± 13.0 | 142 | 122.1 ± 16.5 | 107 |
Ambient | 83.7 ± 15.4 | 128 | 118.0 ± 17.3 | 91 |
B. maritimus density (number m−2) * | ||||
Raised | 56.3 ± 46.2 | 90 | 16.4 ± 39.1 | 90 |
Ambient | 37.0 ± 47.0 | 90 | 14.4 ± 40.6 | 90 |
E. crus-galli height (cm) | _ | _ | ||
Raised | 192.9 ± 71.1 | 371 | ||
Ambient | 167.9 ± 45.3 | 128 | ||
E. crus-galli density (number m−2) | ||||
Raised | 103.6 ± 99.4 | 90 | ||
Ambient | 49.3 ± 94.5 | 90 |
Total N | NH4-N | NO2-N | NO3-N | TKN | Total P | COD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before manipulation: November 2012 | |||||||
Inflow | 8.56 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 5.52 | 1.21 | 90.0 | |
Outflow | 6.26 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 4.63 | 0.94 | 101.0 | |
RE | 27% | 68% | –7% | 16% | 19% | –13% | |
During manipulation: December 2012–February 2013 | |||||||
Inflow | 5.61 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 3.05 | 1.20 | 117.7 | |
Raised | 5.19 | 0.75 | 0.22 | 2.25 | 0.84 | 153.1 | |
RE | 8% | –166% | –43% | 26% | 30% | –30% | |
Ambient | 4.47 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 2.22 | 0.84 | 106.6 | |
RE | 20% | –3% | 13% | 27% | 30% | 9% | |
After manipulation: April–May 2013 | |||||||
Inflow | 5.97 | 0.33 | 0.16 | 3.67 | 1.31 | 131.2 | |
Raised | 3.82 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 2.06 | 1.32 | 118.3 | |
RE | 36% | 55% | 6% | 44% | –1% | 10% | |
Ambient | 4.00 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 2.36 | 1.09 | 99.7 | |
RE | 33% | 35% | 15% | 36% | 16% | 24% | |
After manipulation: June–August 2013 | |||||||
Inflow | 6.21 | 0.19 | 4.45 * | 1.76 | 1.48 | 96.9 | |
Raised | 4.21 | 0.12 | 2.70 * | 1.52 | 1.38 | 81.5 | |
RE | 32% | 37% | 39% | 14% | 6% | 16% | |
Ambient | 4.40 | 0.11 | 2.76 * | 1.64 | 1.42 | 78.5 | |
RE | 29% | 41% | 38% | 7% | 4% | 19% |
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Walton, W.E.; Duguma, D.; Tao, M.; Popko, D.A.; Nygren, S. Integrated Mosquito Management in Experimental Constructed Wetlands: Efficacy of Small-Stature Macrophytes and Fluctuating Hydroperiod. Water 2016, 8, 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100421
Walton WE, Duguma D, Tao M, Popko DA, Nygren S. Integrated Mosquito Management in Experimental Constructed Wetlands: Efficacy of Small-Stature Macrophytes and Fluctuating Hydroperiod. Water. 2016; 8(10):421. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100421
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalton, William E., Dagne Duguma, Min Tao, David A. Popko, and Scott Nygren. 2016. "Integrated Mosquito Management in Experimental Constructed Wetlands: Efficacy of Small-Stature Macrophytes and Fluctuating Hydroperiod" Water 8, no. 10: 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100421