Can Heat-Activated Peroxymonosulfate Be Used as a Pretreatment to Mitigate Fouling for Membrane Distillation: Performance of Individual Organics?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Membranes and Reagents
2.2. Experimental Procedures
2.2.1. Heat-Activated PMS Preoxidation
2.2.2. DCMD Process
2.3. Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Heat/PMS on Organic Degradation
3.2. Impact of Heat/PMS Pretreatment on MD Performance
3.3. Characterization of Fouled MD Membranes
3.3.1. SEM Analysis
3.3.2. ATR-FTIR Analysis
3.3.3. Hydrophobicity Analysis
4. Conclusions
- NOM was notably degraded after 60 min of heat/PMS pretreatment using a PMS dose of 0.4 g L−1 and a reaction temperature of 80 °C. The DOC removal results indicate that the amount of NOM was considerably reduced because some of the NOM was partially mineralized. The greater removal of UV254 compared with DOC indicates that some NOM decomposed to small molecules, whereas the fluorescent compounds HA and BSA were completely degraded.
- For pure NOM solutions that did not undergo heat/PMS pretreatment, pure HA caused the most severe membrane fouling, followed by pure BSA; however, there was little adherence of pure SA to the membrane.
- When PMS was added for pretreatment, the oxidized NOM solutions caused a more severe flux decline and a higher fouling degree, despite the reduction in the NOM concentration, especially for oxidized HA and BSA. On one hand, the oxidized NOM had a lower MW, which made it easier to adsorb on the membrane. On the other hand, the introduction of the PMS oxidant and quencher increased the ionic strength of the feed solution, which reduced the permeability in the MD process.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feed Solutions | Organics | Cations | References |
---|---|---|---|
Secondary effluent + a mixture of micropollutants | NOM and micropollutants (amitriptyline, trimethoprim, etc.) | Zn2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, K+, etc. | Asif et al., 2019 [27] |
Surface water | AOM | Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, etc. | Asif et al., 2021 [28] |
SDS + NaCl | SDS | Na+ | Han et al., 2022 [29] |
Secondary effluent/surface water | NOM | Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, K+, etc. | Ding et al., 2022 [30] |
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Liu, M.; Zhang, L.; Han, L.; Mei, C.; Xu, C.; Yuan, R.; Geng, C. Can Heat-Activated Peroxymonosulfate Be Used as a Pretreatment to Mitigate Fouling for Membrane Distillation: Performance of Individual Organics? Water 2023, 15, 1148. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061148
Liu M, Zhang L, Han L, Mei C, Xu C, Yuan R, Geng C. Can Heat-Activated Peroxymonosulfate Be Used as a Pretreatment to Mitigate Fouling for Membrane Distillation: Performance of Individual Organics? Water. 2023; 15(6):1148. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061148
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Mingxiang, Lei Zhang, Le Han, Caihua Mei, Changwen Xu, Rui Yuan, and Chunxia Geng. 2023. "Can Heat-Activated Peroxymonosulfate Be Used as a Pretreatment to Mitigate Fouling for Membrane Distillation: Performance of Individual Organics?" Water 15, no. 6: 1148. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061148