An Expanded Interpretive Structural Modeling Analysis of the Barriers to Integrated Flood Risk Management Adaptation in Metro Manila
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Barriers to IFRM Adaptation in Metro Manila
2.2. Expanded Interpretive Structural Modeling (Ex-ISM)
2.2.1. Step 1—Developing a Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM)
- The letter “V” is replaced with the symbol “+”, which denotes that variable i influences variable j and j does not influence i.
- The letter “A” is replaced with “-”, which denotes that variable i is influenced by variable j and j is not influenced by i.
- The letter “X” is replaced with the symbol “±” or “∓”, which means that variable i and variable j influence each other.
- The letter “O” is replaced with the symbol “0”, which means that variable i and variable j are independent of one another.
- To fill up the lower triangular half of the SSIM, the corresponding passive pairwise comparison SSIM(j, i) of the active SSIM(i, j) is filled with the corresponding passive symbolism, i.e., if SSIM(i, j) = + or −, then SSIM(j, i)= − or +.
2.2.2. Step 2—Developing a Reachability Matrix (RM)
- If SSIM(i, j) = V, then RMinit(i, j) = 1 and RMinit(j, i) = 0.
- If SSIM(i, j) = A, then RMinit(i, j) = 0 and RMinit(j, i) = 1.
- If SSIM(i, j) = X, then RMinit(i, j) = 1 and RMinit(j, i) = 1.
- If SSIM(i, j) = O, then RMinit(i, j) = 0 and RMinit(j, i) = 0.
- For the diagonal element SSIM(i, i), RMinit(i, i) = 1.
- If the SSIM(i, j) is “+”, then RMinit(i, j) is 1 and RMinit(j, i) is −1.
- If the SSIM(i, j) is “−”, then RMinit(i, j) is −1 and RMinit(j, i) is 1.
- If the SSIM(i, j) is “±” or “∓”, then RMinit(i, j) is ±1 or ∓1.
- If the SSIM(i, j) is “0”, then RMinit(i, j) is 0.
- For the blank diagonal element SSIM(i, i), RMinit(i, i) = ±1.
- If RMinit(i, j) has a positive sign, then +RMinit(i, j) = 1; otherwise +RMinit(i, j) = 0.
- If RMinit(i, j) has a negative sign, then −RMinit(i, j) = −1; otherwise −RMinit(i, j) = 0.
2.2.3. Step 3—Assigning Levels for Each Variable
2.2.4. Step 4—Developing a Conical Matrix (CM)
2.2.5. Step 5—Developing the ISM Diagram
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
i | j | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | S1 | S2 | S3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | |
1 | G1 | V | V | V | O | O | O | V | V | V | V | V | |
2 | G2 | V | O | V | V | V | O | V | O | O | O | ||
3 | G3 | V | O | O | O | V | V | V | V | V | |||
4 | G4 | O | O | V | V | V | X | X | V | ||||
5 | S1 | V | A | O | O | O | O | O | |||||
6 | S2 | A | O | O | O | O | O | ||||||
7 | S3 | O | O | A | O | O | |||||||
8 | T1 | V | A | X | V | ||||||||
9 | T2 | A | A | O | |||||||||
10 | T3 | V | V | ||||||||||
11 | T4 | V | |||||||||||
12 | T5 |
i | j | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | S1 | S2 | S3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | |
1 | G1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | G2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | G3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
4 | G4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
5 | S1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | S2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 | S3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
8 | T1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
9 | T2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | T3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
11 | T4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
12 | T5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
i | j | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | S1 | S2 | S3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | |
1 | G1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | G2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * |
3 | G3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
4 | G4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
5 | S1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | S2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 | S3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
8 | T1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 |
9 | T2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | T3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
11 | T4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 |
12 | T5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Barrier | Reachability Set | Antecedent Set | Intersection Set | Level |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12 | 1 | 1 | |
2 | 2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12 | 1.2 | 2 | |
3 | 3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12 | 1.2.3 | 3 | |
4 | 4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | |
5 | 5.6 | 1.2.3.4.5.7.8.10.11 | 5 | |
6 | 6 | 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.10.11 | 6 | I |
7 | 5.6.7 | 1.2.3.4.7.8.10.11 | 7 | |
8 | 4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | |
9 | 9 | 1.2.3.4.8.9.10.11 | 9 | I |
10 | 4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | |
11 | 4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | |
12 | 12 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11.12 | 12 | I |
Barrier | Reachability Set | Antecedent Set | Intersection Set | Level |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.2.3.4.5.7.8.10.11 | 1 | 1 | |
2 | 2.3.4.5.7.8.10.11 | 1.2 | 2 | |
3 | 3.4.5.7.8.10.11 | 1.2.3 | 3 | |
4 | 4.5.7.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | |
5 | 5 | 1.2.3.4.5.7.8.10.11 | 5 | II |
7 | 5.7 | 1.2.3.4.7.8.10.11 | 7 | |
8 | 4.5.7.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | |
10 | 4.5.7.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | |
11 | 4.5.7.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 |
Barrier | Reachability Set | Antecedent Set | Intersection Set | Level |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.2.3.4.7.8.10.11 | 1 | 1 | |
2 | 2.3.4.7.8.10.11 | 1.2 | 2 | |
3 | 3.4.7.8.10.11 | 1.2.3 | 3 | |
4 | 4.7.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | |
7 | 7 | 1.2.3.4.7.8.10.11 | 7 | III |
8 | 4.7.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | |
10 | 4.7.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | |
11 | 4.7.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 |
Barrier | Reachability Set | Antecedent Set | Intersection | Level |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 1 | 1 | |
2 | 2.3.4.8.10.11 | 1.2 | 2 | |
3 | 3.4.8.10.11 | 1.2.3 | 3 | |
4 | 4.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | IV |
8 | 4.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | IV |
10 | 4.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | IV |
11 | 4.8.10.11 | 1.2.3.4.8.10.11 | 4.8.10.11 | IV |
Barrier | Reachability Set | Antecedent Set | Intersection Set | Level |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.2.3. | 1 | 1 | VII |
2 | 2.3. | 1.2 | 2 | VI |
3 | 3. | 1.2.3 | 3 | V |
Level | VII | VI | V | IV | IV | IV | IV | III | II | I | I | I | Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | T1 | T3 | T4 | S3 | S1 | S2 | T2 | T5 | |
G1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | VII |
G2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | VI |
G3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | V |
G4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | IV |
T1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 * | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | IV |
T3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | IV |
T4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | IV |
S3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | III |
S1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | II |
S2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | I |
T2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | I |
T5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | I |
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Category | Barrier | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
Governance | G1 | Lack of a sole organizing body | Fragmented governance in flood management in Metro Manila because the current institutional framework does not have a clear demarcation of tasks among government agencies |
G2 | Lack of communication | Weak inter-agency communication and the lack of information exchange and communication on the local level | |
G3 | Lack of funding | Low funding for flood mitigation and control projects | |
G4 | Lack of flood control measures | Inadequate existing flood control infrastructures | |
Social | S1 | Informal settlers | Encroachment of marginalized communities in flood-prone areas where they can live cheaply |
S2 | Poor solid waste management | Clogged waterways and drainages due to solid wastes | |
S3 | Poor social planning | Services provided by the government of the Philippines are inadequate to address issues related to the community | |
Technological Resources | T1 | Lack of technological capabilities | Absence of real-time flood forecasts, water level, and rainfall depth updates |
T2 | Sparse data and limited access | Available hydro-meteorological information is thinly distributed, is not automated, and is measured on a large time interval only | |
T3 | Lack of experts | Lack of experts from government agencies and local government units | |
T4 | Lack of data processing systems | No data processing systems, which resulted in hydro-meteorological information just being stored and not used for analysis | |
T5 | Deterioration of flood control structures | Deterioration of existing flood control structures (e.g., pumping stations, drainage systems, hydraulic control structures) due to poor maintenance and poor solid waste management |
Multiplication | Addition | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
× | 0 | 1 | −1 | + | 0 | 1 | −1 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 |
1 | 0 | 1 | B | 1 | 1 | 1 | ±1/∓1 a |
−1 | 0 | B | −1 | −1 | −1 | ±1/∓1 a | −1 |
j | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
i | Category | Governance | Social | Technological Resources | ||||||||||
Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | S1 | S2 | S3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | ||
1 | Governance | G1 | +++ +- | +++ ++ | +++ +0 | +00 00 | ++0 00 | ++0 00 | +++ 00 | +++ ++ | +++ +0 | +++ +± | +++ +± | |
2 | G2 | - - - -∓ | +++ +± | ++0 00 | +++ +0 | ++0 0+ | +++ 0± | +00 0± | +++ ±± | -00 00 | -00 00 | +00 00 | ||
3 | G3 | - - - - - | --- -∓ | +++ -± | -00 0± | 000 ±± | +00 0± | +++ -± | +++ 0± | +++ 0± | +++ ± ± | +++ ±± | ||
4 | G4 | - - - -0 | --0 00 | --- +∓ | +00 0± | +00 00 | +++ 00 | +++ +± | +++ +± | ++± ±± | +0± ±± | +++ ++ | ||
5 | Social | S1 | -00 00 | --- -0 | +00 0∓ | -00 0∓ | +++ +± | +-- -± | 000 00 | 000 00 | 000 00 | 000 00 | 000 0± | |
6 | S2 | --0 00 | --0 0- | 000 ∓∓ | -00 00 | --- -∓ | --- 00 | -00 00 | 000 00 | -00 00 | 000 00 | 000 0± | ||
7 | S3 | --0 00 | --- 0∓ | -00 0∓ | --- 00 | -++ +∓ | +++ 00 | -00 00 | -00 0± | --- 00 | 000 ±± | 000 0± | ||
8 | Technological Resources | T1 | --- 00 | -00 0∓ | --- +∓ | --- -∓ | 000 00 | +00 00 | +00 00 | +++ +± | ++- -- | +±± ±± | +++ 0± | |
9 | T2 | --- -- | --- ∓∓ | --- 0∓ | --- -∓ | 000 00 | 000 00 | +00 0∓ | --- -∓ | +-- -- | +-- -± | +00 0± | ||
10 | T3 | --- -0 | +00 00 | --- 0∓ | --∓ ∓∓ | 000 00 | +00 00 | +++ 00 | --+ ++ | -++ ++ | +++ 00 | +++ 00 | ||
11 | T4 | --- -∓ | +00 00 | --- ∓∓ | -0∓ ∓∓ | 000 00 | 000 00 | 000 ∓∓ | -∓∓ ∓∓ | -++ +∓ | --- 00 | 0+0 ++ | ||
12 | T5 | --- -∓ | -00 00 | --- ∓∓ | --- -- | 000 0∓ | 000 0∓ | 000 0∓ | --- 0∓ | -00 0∓ | --- ∓∓ | 0-0 -- |
i | j | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | S1 | S2 | S3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | |
1 | G1 | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | + | + | + | + | |
2 | G2 | − | + | 0 | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
3 | G3 | − | − | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | + | + | + | + | |
4 | G4 | − | 0 | − | 0 | 0 | + | + | + | ± | ± | + | |
5 | S1 | 0 | − | 0 | 0 | + | − | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
6 | S2 | 0 | − | 0 | 0 | − | − | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
7 | S3 | 0 | − | 0 | − | + | + | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | |
8 | T1 | − | 0 | − | − | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | − | ± | + | |
9 | T2 | − | − | − | − | 0 | 0 | 0 | − | − | − | 0 | |
10 | T3 | − | 0 | − | ∓ | 0 | 0 | + | + | + | + | + | |
11 | T4 | − | 0 | − | ∓ | 0 | 0 | 0 | ∓ | + | − | + | |
12 | T5 | − | 0 | − | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | − | 0 | − | − |
i | j | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | S1 | S2 | S3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | |
1 | G1 | ±1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | G2 | −1 | ±1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | G3 | −1 | −1 | ±1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
4 | G4 | −1 | 0 | −1 | ±1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ±1 | ±1 | 1 |
5 | S1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | ±1 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | S2 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | ±1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 | S3 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 1 | ±1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 |
8 | T1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±1 | 1 | −1 | ±1 | 1 |
9 | T2 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | ±1 | −1 | −1 | 0 |
10 | T3 | −1 | 0 | −1 | ∓1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ±1 | 1 | 1 |
11 | T4 | −1 | 0 | −1 | ∓1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ∓1 | 1 | −1 | ±1 | 1 |
12 | T5 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | ±1 |
j | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
i | Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | S1 | S2 | S3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 |
1 | G1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | G2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * |
3 | G3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 ** | 1 ** | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
4 | G4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
5 | S1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | S2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 | S3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
8 | T1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 * | 1 *** | 1 *** | 1 ** | 1 | 1 | 1 ** | 1 | 1 |
9 | T2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | T3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
11 | T4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 ** | 1 ** | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 |
12 | T5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
j | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
i | Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | S1 | S2 | S3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 |
1 | G1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | G2 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | G3 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | G4 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 * | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 |
5 | S1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 ** | −1 * | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 *** | 0 | −1 * | −1 ** | 0 |
6 | S2 | −1 * | −1 | −1 ** | −1 * | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 *** | 0 | −1 * | −1 ** | 0 |
7 | S3 | −1 * | −1 | −1 * | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 ** | 0 | −1 | −1 * | 0 |
8 | T1 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 |
9 | T2 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 0 |
10 | T3 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 ** | 0 | −1 | −1 * | 0 |
11 | T4 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 |
12 | T5 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
j | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Level | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
i | Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | S1 | S2 | S3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | |
1 | G1 | ±1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
2 | G2 | −1 | ±1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 11 |
3 | G3 | −1 | −1 | ±1 | 1 | 1 ** | 1 ** | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
4 | G4 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | ±1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | ±1 * | 1 | ±1 | ±1 | 1 | 9 |
5 | S1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 ** | −1 * | ±1 | 1 | −1 | −1 *** | 0 | −1 * | −1 ** | 0 | 2 |
6 | S2 | −1 * | −1 | −1 ** | −1 * | −1 | ±1 | −1 | −1 *** | 0 | −1 * | −1 ** | 0 | 1 |
7 | S3 | −1 * | −1 | −1 * | −1 | 1 | 1 | ±1 | −1 ** | 0 | −1 | −1 * | 0 | 3 |
8 | T1 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | ∓1 * | 1 *** | 1 *** | 1 ** | ±1 | 1 | ∓1 ** | ±1 | 1 | 9 |
9 | T2 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | ±1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 1 |
10 | T3 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | ∓1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | ±1 ** | 1 | ±1 | ±1 * | 1 | 9 |
11 | T4 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | ∓1 | 1 ** | 1 ** | 1 * | ∓1 | 1 | ∓1 * | ±1 | 1 | 9 |
12 | T5 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | ±1 | 1 |
Level | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrier | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | T1 | T3 | T4 | S3 | S1 | S2 | T2 | T5 | |
12 | G1 | ±1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 |
11 | G2 | −1 | ±1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * |
10 | G3 | −1 | −1 | ±1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 ** | 1 ** | 1 | 1 |
9 | G4 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | ±1 | ±1 * | ±1 | ±1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 |
9 | T1 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | ∓1 * | ±1 | ∓1 ** | ±1 | 1 ** | 1 *** | 1 *** | 1 | 1 |
9 | T3 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | ∓1 | ±1 | ±1 | ±1 | 1 | 1 * | 1 * | 1 | 1 |
9 | T4 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | ∓1 | ∓1 | ∓1 * | ±1 | 1 * | 1 ** | 1 ** | 1 | 1 |
3 | S3 | −1 * | −1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 ** | −1 | −1 * | ±1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
2 | S1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 ** | −1 * | −1 *** | −1 * | −1 ** | −1 | ±1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
1 | S2 | −1 * | −1 | −1 ** | −1 * | −1 *** | −1 * | −1 ** | −1 | −1 | ±1 | 0 | 0 |
1 | T2 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±1 | 0 |
1 | T5 | −1 | −1 * | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±1 |
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Mercado, J.M.; Kawamura, A.; Medina, R. An Expanded Interpretive Structural Modeling Analysis of the Barriers to Integrated Flood Risk Management Adaptation in Metro Manila. Water 2023, 15, 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061029
Mercado JM, Kawamura A, Medina R. An Expanded Interpretive Structural Modeling Analysis of the Barriers to Integrated Flood Risk Management Adaptation in Metro Manila. Water. 2023; 15(6):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061029
Chicago/Turabian StyleMercado, Jean Margaret, Akira Kawamura, and Reynaldo Medina. 2023. "An Expanded Interpretive Structural Modeling Analysis of the Barriers to Integrated Flood Risk Management Adaptation in Metro Manila" Water 15, no. 6: 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061029
APA StyleMercado, J. M., Kawamura, A., & Medina, R. (2023). An Expanded Interpretive Structural Modeling Analysis of the Barriers to Integrated Flood Risk Management Adaptation in Metro Manila. Water, 15(6), 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061029