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10.3390/w15040726
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Article

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Karst Groundwater in Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China

by
Ming Gao
1,2,3,
Xiangquan Li
1,3,
Jiazhong Qian
2,
Zhenxing Wang
1,3,*,
Xinwei Hou
1,3,
Changchang Fu
1,3,*,
Jianfei Ma
1,3,
Chunchao Zhang
1,3 and
Jinqiu Li
1,3
1
Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2
School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
3
Key Laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2023, 15(4), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040726
Submission received: 15 December 2022 / Revised: 7 February 2023 / Accepted: 8 February 2023 / Published: 12 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Chemistry and Quality in Coastal Aquifers)
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Abstract

Understanding the impact of natural processes and anthropogenic activities on geochemical evolution is vital for groundwater protection and utilization. This research was devoted to identifying the water quality status and the main controlling factors of the hydrochemical evolution of karst groundwater by combining hydrogeochemical indicators with multi-isotope analysis techniques in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, North China. The results showed that the karst groundwater in the area was of meteoric origin, and the dissolution of carbonate minerals was dominant in water–rock interactions. Meanwhile, the positive and negative cation exchange occurred in the process. The main hydrochemical types of karst groundwater were HCO3-Ca·Mg and HCO3-Ca in the recharge area, while the predominant hydrochemical types were the HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg and HCO3·SO4-Ca in the runoff and discharge area. Under the influence of coal mining and other factors, the average concentrations of major ions kept rising in the runoff area where coal mines were distributed, and the SO42− concentrations of the karst groundwater changed the most in the study area. In addition, sewage from agricultural production and domestic sources had also negatively impacted the quality of regional groundwater in the runoff and discharge area, as evidenced by the increasing NO3− and Cl− contents in the Quaternary sediment groundwater, Permian bedrock groundwater and a small portion of karst groundwater. These results were helpful to explain the mechanism of gradual hydrogeochemical changes and provided a scientific basis for the effective management and utilization of karst groundwater.
Keywords: karst groundwater; hydrogeochemistry; stable isotopes; water–rock interaction; coal mining; anthropogenic activities karst groundwater; hydrogeochemistry; stable isotopes; water–rock interaction; coal mining; anthropogenic activities

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gao, M.; Li, X.; Qian, J.; Wang, Z.; Hou, X.; Fu, C.; Ma, J.; Zhang, C.; Li, J. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Karst Groundwater in Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China. Water 2023, 15, 726. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040726

AMA Style

Gao M, Li X, Qian J, Wang Z, Hou X, Fu C, Ma J, Zhang C, Li J. Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Karst Groundwater in Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China. Water. 2023; 15(4):726. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040726

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gao, Ming, Xiangquan Li, Jiazhong Qian, Zhenxing Wang, Xinwei Hou, Changchang Fu, Jianfei Ma, Chunchao Zhang, and Jinqiu Li. 2023. "Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Karst Groundwater in Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China" Water 15, no. 4: 726. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040726

APA Style

Gao, M., Li, X., Qian, J., Wang, Z., Hou, X., Fu, C., Ma, J., Zhang, C., & Li, J. (2023). Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Karst Groundwater in Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China. Water, 15(4), 726. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040726

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