Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Groundwater in Jinta Basin, Northwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Collection and Processing
3.2. Water Quality Evaluation Index and Evaluation Method
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Groundwater Chemistry Characteristics
4.1.1. Characteristics of Water Chemical Composition
4.1.2. Hydrochemical Types of Groundwater
4.2. Groundwater Quality Status
4.2.1. Single Index Evaluation Results
4.2.2. Comprehensive Evaluation Result
4.2.3. Groundwater Quality Based on EWQI
4.3. Hydrochemical Origin Analysis
4.3.1. Analysis of Main Ion Sources in Groundwater Hydrochemistry
- (1)
- Water–rock Model
- (2)
- Cation Exchange
- (3)
- Analysis of Main Ion Sources in Groundwater Hydrochemistry
4.3.2. Chemical Controlling Mechanisms in Groundwater
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- In the shallow groundwater of the JB, the main cations were Na+ and Mg2+, the main anions were SO42− and Cl−. The ranges of TDS in the BIA, the TA, and the HIA were 328.4–12,400 mg·L−1, 372.70–3774.0 mg·L−1, and 366.30–75,200.0 mg·L−1, respectively. Overall, the groundwater in the region was weakly alkaline.
- (2)
- The chemical types of shallow pore water in the JB were mainly HCO3·SO4-Mg type, SO4·HCO3-Mg type, SO4-Mg·Na type, SO4·Cl-Na·Mg type, and Cl-Na type. The groundwater chemistry in the BIA and the HIA was primarily controlled by a combination of rock weathering and evaporative concentration processes. While in the TA, it was mainly controlled by rock weathering processes. The major ions in the groundwater in the JB originated from the weathering and dissolution of silicate and carbonate minerals. Na+ and K+ were mainly derived from the dissolution of silicate rocks, while SO42−, HCO3−, Mg2+, and Ca2+ mainly came from the weathering of carbonate rocks like calcite and the dissolution of sulfate minerals. Furthermore, alternate cation adsorption processes were widespread in the groundwater.
- (3)
- Overall, the water quality of shallow groundwater in the JB was poor, with Class IV-V water being predominant. The EWQI value classified the groundwater as good (7.7%), medium (26.9%), poor (15.4%), and severely poor (50%). There was no good high-quality water in the study area. The good and medium quality water accounted for 34.6%, which were within the recommended drinking range. The poor and severely poor water accounted for 65.4%, which were unsuitable for drinking purposes. The results show that sulfate, TH, TDS, chloride, and Na were the main influencing factors of poor water quality.
- (4)
- The results of correlation analysis and factor analysis showed that the chemical characteristics of shallow groundwater in the JB were primarily influenced by two controlling factors: F1 (leaching, evaporative concentration, and anthropogenic activities) and F2 (sulfate rock and carbonate rock dissolution), with contribution rates of 73.94% and 14.91%, respectively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Test Method | Relative Deviation of Precision (%) | Detection Limit (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry | 1.56 | 0.06 |
Mg2+ | Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry | 1.02 | 0.09 |
Na+ | Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry | 0.81 | 0.2 |
K+ | Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry | 0.00 | 0.3 |
Cl− | Ion chromatography | 0.27 | 0.03 |
SO42− | Ion chromatography | 0.23 | 0.07 |
NO3− | Ion chromatography | 0.50 | 0.02 |
HCO3− | Titration method | 5 | |
TDS | Weight method | 1.02 | 10 |
TH | EDTA method | 1.23 | 5 |
Type | Parameter | pH | Na+ | K+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− | NO3− | TH | TDS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BIA pore water (n = 213) | Max | 8.91 | 2023.0 | 62.20 | 550.90 | 1124.0 | 2508.0 | 6519.0 | 702.90 | 75.11 | 6004.00 | 12,400.0 |
Min | 7.23 | 18.40 | 3.60 | 23.40 | 14.50 | 17.70 | 93.70 | 68.30 | 0.00 | 157.60 | 328.40 | |
Mean | 7.83 | 234.08 | 14.09 | 121.48 | 218.27 | 257.85 | 1072.1 | 290.79 | 9.71 | 1202.01 | 2088.46 | |
SD | 0.33 | 267.24 | 9.51 | 86.20 | 181.46 | 297.33 | 1051.3 | 99.80 | 11.91 | 946.55 | 1867.54 | |
CV | 4.22 | 114.17 | 67.50 | 70.96 | 83.14 | 115.31 | 98.06 | 34.32 | 122.69 | 78.75 | 89.42 | |
TA pore water (n = 36) | Max | 8.99 | 492.40 | 34.70 | 218.00 | 360.40 | 436.10 | 2077.0 | 402.70 | 16.06 | 1972.00 | 3774.0 |
Min | 7.21 | 43.50 | 3.40 | 13.40 | 26.40 | 19.10 | 106.60 | 150.10 | 0.00 | 158.10 | 372.70 | |
Mean | 8.00 | 130.08 | 7.87 | 53.25 | 77.57 | 88.12 | 404.15 | 239.90 | 3.70 | 452.34 | 902.49 | |
SD | 0.43 | 112.88 | 5.69 | 47.48 | 74.85 | 99.78 | 457.43 | 55.28 | 3.79 | 424.06 | 794.52 | |
CV | 5.37 | 86.78 | 72.30 | 89.16 | 96.50 | 113.23 | 113.18 | 23.04 | 102.53 | 93.75 | 88.04 | |
HIA pore water (n = 101) | Max | 9.02 | 20,360.0 | 475.0 | 2885.0 | 3317.0 | 44,210.0 | 4262.0 | 907.90 | 1018.0 | 20,860.0 | 75,200 |
Min | 7.14 | 44.00 | 3.20 | 18.90 | 25.20 | 26.20 | 110.00 | 36.60 | 0.00 | 150.60 | 366.30 | |
Mean | 7.64 | 537.98 | 20.55 | 150.08 | 183.63 | 771.38 | 868.77 | 376.72 | 40.20 | 1130.82 | 2776.96 | |
SD | 0.36 | 2037.45 | 49.23 | 284.72 | 331.12 | 4394.93 | 692.58 | 185.44 | 107.10 | 2063.42 | 7485.0 | |
CV | 4.71 | 378.72 | 239.6 | 189.71 | 180.32 | 569.75 | 79.72 | 49.22 | 266.39 | 182.47 | 269.54 |
Sulfate | TH | TDS | Chloride | Na | pH | Fluoride | Nitrate | Fe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The number of over standard (group) | 285 | 232 | 117 | 75 | 61 | 15 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
The rate of over standard (%) | 81.43 | 66.29 | 33.43 | 21.43 | 17.43 | 4.29 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 0.57 |
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Wang, X.; Han, S.; Zhang, M.; Wang, S.; Yin, D.; Wu, X.; Cui, H.; An, Y. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Groundwater in Jinta Basin, Northwest China. Water 2023, 15, 4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234171
Wang X, Han S, Zhang M, Wang S, Yin D, Wu X, Cui H, An Y. Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Groundwater in Jinta Basin, Northwest China. Water. 2023; 15(23):4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234171
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiaoyan, Shuangbao Han, Mengnan Zhang, Sai Wang, Dechao Yin, Xi Wu, Huqun Cui, and Yonghui An. 2023. "Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Groundwater in Jinta Basin, Northwest China" Water 15, no. 23: 4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234171