Evolution Characteristics of Long Time Series of Secondary Perched River in Typical Reaches of the Lower Yellow River
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Methods
2.2.1. Data Sources
2.2.2. Data Processing Methods
- (1)
- Theil–Sen estimator
- (2)
- Mann–Kendall test
- (3)
- The Pettitt test
3. Evolution Characteristics of the Secondary Perched River from Dongbatou to Taochengpu
3.1. Evolution Trend of Transverse Slope
3.2. Mutability of Transverse Slope
4. Discussion
- (1)
- The different calculation methods used for the lateral gradient. When calculating the transverse slope, it is necessary to calculate the elevation near the embankment root and the main channel. The elevation at the embankment root is generally the average elevation of the 50–100 m beach or the average river bottom elevation of the embankment river; the elevation near the main channel is selected as the elevation of the high elevation beach lip or the average river bottom elevation of the main channel. Different calculation methods can lead to significant differences in the results and also reflect different information. When calculating the average river bottom elevation of the main channel, more consideration will be given to the changes in the elevation of the main channel. However, the focus of this study is on the actual changes in the beach, so selecting the beach lip elevation can better reflect the true transverse slope of the beach.
- (2)
- The hysteresis of riverbed evolution. The hysteresis response phenomenon is a typical feature of the non-equilibrium evolution process of rivers, which is commonly present in the riverbed evolution of impact rivers. The changes in the inflow and sediment conditions of natural rivers are relatively fast, while the corresponding riverbed erosion and sedimentation deformation are slower. When the construction or operation of a reservoir changes, the conditions for the incoming water and sediment change rapidly, while the changes in erosion and sedimentation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River are slower, and the evolution of the riverbed will lag behind the changes in incoming water and sediment to varying degrees.
- (3)
- Discontinuities in the beach erosion and sedimentation. The hysteresis of the riverbed evolution considers changes in water and sediment conditions. The original balance of sediment transport in the river channel is disrupted, and the river channel will slowly undergo erosion and sedimentation deformation until the equilibrium state. However, the floodplain only receives water during the flood season, and there is no continuous water flow erosion. The continuous effect of water and sediment changes cannot be fully exerted on the floodplain, and the erosion and sedimentation of the floodplain will not continue until the equilibrium stage of sediment transport, Therefore, the riverbed evolution of the tidal flat has the characteristic of discontinuity on the basis of hysteresis.
- (4)
- The changing characteristics of the different river types are different. The width of the wandering river reaches is large, and the main channel swings frequently, but the transverse slope is small. The width of the transitional river section is relatively small, and the main channel is stable. However, a stable main channel leads to a continuous cumulative elevation of the beach lip and a significant transverse slope.
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- After the 2022 flood season, the transverse slope fluctuation along the wandering section of the lower Yellow River is relatively small. The maximum difference in the transverse slope is 4.99‱ and the mean transverse slope is 5.81‱. In contrast, the transverse slope of the transitional section exhibits greater fluctuations along its course, with a maximum difference of 16.57‱ and a mean transverse slope of 8.89‱. The average transverse slope in the wandering section is 5.81‱, while in the transitional section it is 8.89‱, making the latter approximately 1.53 times steeper than the former.
- (2)
- During the period of 1960–1969, the transverse slope exhibited a small magnitude and a gradual trend of change. Subsequently, from 1969 until the Xiaolangdi reservoir run, the two river sections experienced a generally increasing transverse slope. Following the operation of the Xiaolangdi reservoir, the wandering section exhibited a decreasing trend in the transverse slope, while the transition section exhibited a gentle trend of change. The relationship between the change in the elevation difference and the change in the transverse slope demonstrated a stronger correlation (R2 = 0.71), whereas the correlation with the change in the shoal width was weaker (R2 = 0.02).
- (3)
- The time series data pertaining to the alterations in the transverse slope inside the transitional part and wandering section exhibited sudden shifts in 1975 and 1990, correspondingly. The sudden change can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, it has been observed that the frequency of floods in the beach area has increased significantly since 1975. This has led to a serious silting up of the beach lip, causing an increase in the transverse slope. Additionally, the transverse slope of the transitional section has experienced a sudden change during this period. Furthermore, after 1990, there has been a sharp decrease in the flow of the bank-full discharge. This has resulted in an increased likelihood of the downstream section of the Yellow River meandering across the beach. Consequently, the transverse slope of the wandering section has rapidly increased, leading to the occurrence of sudden changes.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Dongbatou-Gaocun | Gaocun-Taochengpu | ||
---|---|---|---|
Time Period | k | Time Period | k |
1960–1969 | −0.015 | 1960–1969 | −0.001 |
1969–1982 | 0.350 | 1969–1982 | 0.067 |
1982–1987 | 0.056 | 1982–1990 | −0.030 |
1987–1999 | −0.134 | 1990–1999 | 0.205 |
1999–2004 | 0.272 | -- | -- |
2004–2022 | 0.005 | 1999–2022 | −0.031 |
Time | Peak Discharge (m3/s) | Bank-Full Discharge (m3/s) | Water Amount (108 m3) | Sediment Amount (108 t) | Average Sediment Concentration (kg/m3) | Incoming Sediment Coefficient (kg·s/m6) | Floodplain Coefficient | Change in Elevation Difference(m) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DBT–GC | GC–TCP | ||||||||
8 July/30 November 1975 | 7580 | 4500 | 37.65 | 1.48 | 39.35 | 0.0063 | 1.68 | 0.02 | 0.44 |
8 July/30 November 1976 | 9210 | 5510 | 80.82 | 2.86 | 35.44 | 0.0049 | 1.67 | 0.11 | 0.23 |
24 September/12 October 1981 | 8060 | 5320 | 94.63 | 2.20 | 23.30 | 0.0040 | 1.52 | 0.24 | 0.33 |
30 July/28 August 1982 | 15,300 | 6000 | 61.09 | 1.99 | 32.64 | 0.0051 | 2.55 | 0.34 | 0.13 |
27 July/24 October 1992 | 6430 | 4300 | 24.87 | 4.54 | 182.63 | 0.0634 | 1.50 | 0.20 | 0.04 |
6 August/19 August 1994 | 6300 | 3700 | 30.47 | 4.64 | 152.37 | 0.0605 | 1.70 | 0.11 | 0.05 |
17 July/26 August 1996 | 7860 | 3420 | 58.92 | 5.29 | 89.82 | 0.0277 | 2.30 | 0.41 | 0.08 |
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Yan, J.; Xu, H.; Xu, L.; Gurkalo, F.; Gao, X. Evolution Characteristics of Long Time Series of Secondary Perched River in Typical Reaches of the Lower Yellow River. Water 2023, 15, 3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203674
Yan J, Xu H, Xu L, Gurkalo F, Gao X. Evolution Characteristics of Long Time Series of Secondary Perched River in Typical Reaches of the Lower Yellow River. Water. 2023; 15(20):3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203674
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Jun, Haifan Xu, Linjuan Xu, Filip Gurkalo, and Xiangyu Gao. 2023. "Evolution Characteristics of Long Time Series of Secondary Perched River in Typical Reaches of the Lower Yellow River" Water 15, no. 20: 3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203674
APA StyleYan, J., Xu, H., Xu, L., Gurkalo, F., & Gao, X. (2023). Evolution Characteristics of Long Time Series of Secondary Perched River in Typical Reaches of the Lower Yellow River. Water, 15(20), 3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203674