The Cr(III) Exchange Mechanism of Macroporous Resins: The Effect of Functionality and Chemical Matrix, and the Statistical Verification of Ion Exchange Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cr (III)-Containing Solutions
2.2. Conversion of H+ Form of Resins into Na+ Form
2.3. Analysis of Cr (III)
2.4. Ion Exchange Studies
2.5. Statistical Verification of Adsorption Data and Isotherm Models
2.6. FT-IR Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exchange Kinetics
3.2. Changes in pH Values during Exchange Studies
3.3. Influence of Concentration and Temperature
3.4. Influence of H+ Ions Co-Sorption
3.5. Ion Exchange Data Modeling
3.6. Adsorption Isotherm Parameters
3.7. Kinetic Data Modeling
3.8. Rate Constant and Activation Energy Parameters
3.9. FT-IR Analysis of Cr(III) Exchange Mechanism
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Models | Amberlite IRC-50 (Na+) | Amberlyst-15 (Na+) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Temperature | ||||||||
293 K | 313 K | 323 K | 333 K | 293 K | 313 K | 323 K | 333 K | ||
Langmuir | qe,exp | 0.62 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.80 | 0.97 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 1.23 |
qe,cal | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.74 | 0.80 | 1.29 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.49 | |
KL | 80.077 | 377.14 | 104.02 | 0.71 | 0.373 | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.79 | |
R2 | 0.874 | 0.811 | 0.710 | 0.685 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 0.88 | |
RMSE | 0.073 | 0.107 | 0.149 | 0.152 | 0.093 | 0.076 | 0.081 | 0.099 | |
SSE | 0.05 | 0.104 | 0.178 | 0.210 | 0.076 | 0.046 | 0.054 | 0.079 | |
Freundlich | |||||||||
qe,cal | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 1.10 | 1.18 | 1.24 | |
KF | 0.56 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.40 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.64 | |
N | 2.49 | 10.95 | 9.40 | 8.29 | 2.49 | 2.79 | 2.87 | 2.99 | |
R2 | 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.81 | |
RMSE | 0.078 | 0.118 | 0.155 | 0.16 | 0.131 | 0.129 | 0.136 | 1.146 | |
SSE | 0.056 | 0.12 | 1.20 | 0.23 | 0.138 | 0.135 | 1.148 | 1.171 | |
D-R | |||||||||
Qe, cal | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 1.03 | 1.15 | 1.20 | 1.26 | |
E | 8.88 | 12.51 | 8.08 | 8.87 | 0.90 | 1.39 | 1.58 | 1.81 | |
R2 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.95 | |
RMSE | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.56 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.68 | |
SSE | 0.74 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 1.56 | 2.58 | 3.03 | 3.38 | 3.72 |
Kinetic Model | T (K) | k1 (min)−1 | R2 | SSE | RMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo-Ist-order | |||||
Amberlite IRC-50 (Na+) | 293 | 0.13 | 0.99 | ||
333 | 0.31 | 0.98 | 0.01 | 0.11 | |
Amberlyst-15 (Na+) | 293 | 0.22 | 0.98 | ||
333 | 0.67 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.15 | |
Pseudo-IInd-order | T (K) | k2(mmolg−1∙min−1) | R2 | SSE | RMSE |
Amberlite IRC-50 (Na+) | 293 | 0.21 | 0.98 | ||
333 | 0.75 | 0.98 | 0.05 | 0.23 | |
Amberlyst-15 (Na+) | 293 | 0.44 | 0.99 | ||
333 | 2.47 | 0.99 | 0.04 | 0.20 |
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Shah, K.H.; Shah, N.S.; Khan, G.A.; Sarfraz, S.; Iqbal, J.; Batool, A.; Jwuiyad, A.; Shahida, S.; Han, C.; Wawrzkiewicz, M. The Cr(III) Exchange Mechanism of Macroporous Resins: The Effect of Functionality and Chemical Matrix, and the Statistical Verification of Ion Exchange Data. Water 2023, 15, 3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203655
Shah KH, Shah NS, Khan GA, Sarfraz S, Iqbal J, Batool A, Jwuiyad A, Shahida S, Han C, Wawrzkiewicz M. The Cr(III) Exchange Mechanism of Macroporous Resins: The Effect of Functionality and Chemical Matrix, and the Statistical Verification of Ion Exchange Data. Water. 2023; 15(20):3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203655
Chicago/Turabian StyleShah, Khizar Hussain, Noor S. Shah, Gul Afshan Khan, Sadaf Sarfraz, Jibran Iqbal, Aneeqa Batool, Ahmad Jwuiyad, Shabnam Shahida, Changseok Han, and Monika Wawrzkiewicz. 2023. "The Cr(III) Exchange Mechanism of Macroporous Resins: The Effect of Functionality and Chemical Matrix, and the Statistical Verification of Ion Exchange Data" Water 15, no. 20: 3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203655